Table 2.

Standardized beta coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations of changes in eCRF and HADS from HUNT2 to HUNT3 on BPF, hippocampal, and cortical volume measured at HUNT3 (n = 751).

		Brain region
		BPF (mean = 69.7%)*		Hippocampal volume (mean = 7,599 μl)**		Cortical volume (mean = 426,764 μl)**
	n	β (95% CI)	Adjusted R2	β (95% CI)	Adjusted R2	β (95% CI)	Adjusted R2
eCRF change
Remained low	265	Ref.	0.22	Ref.	0.40	Ref.	0.77
Decreased	112	0.01 (−0.07, 0.08)		0.04 (−0.02, 0.11)		−0.003 (−0.04, 0.04)
Increased	110	0.09 (0.02, 0.16)		0.09 (0.03, 0.16)		0.02 (−0.01, 0.06)
Remained high	264	0.15 (0.07, 0.22)		0.05 (−0.02, 0.12)		0.05 (0.01, 0.09)
HADS-A change
Remained low	608	Ref.	0.21	Ref.	0.40	Ref.	0.77
Improved	58	0.01 (−0.05, 0.08)		−0.01 (−0.06, 0.05)		0.001 (−0.03, 0.04)
Worsened	45	–0.09 (–0.15, –0.02)		−0.06 (−0.11, 0.001)		–0.05 (–0.08, –0.01)
Remained high	40	−0.01 (−0.08, 0.05)		0.03 (−0.03, 0.09)		−0.01 (−0.04, 0.03)
HADS-D change
Remained low	645	Ref.	0.21	Ref.	0.39	Ref.	0.77
Improved	32	0.02 (−0.05, 0.08)		−0.01 (−0.07, 0.05)		−0.01 (−0.04, 0.03)
Worsened	50	−0.05 (−0.11, 0.02)		−0.03 (−0.08, 0.03)		−0.03 (−0.07, 0.01)
Remained high	24	−0.04 (−0.10, 0.03)		0.01 (−0.05, 0.07)		−0.002 (−0.04, 0.03)
ΔeCRF§	751	0.16 (0.10, 0.23)	0.24	0.09 (0.03, 0.15)	0.40	0.05 (0.02, 0.09)	0.78
ΔHADS-A§	751	–0.07 (–0.15, –0.002)	0.21	−0.05 (−0.12, 0.01)	0.40	–0.04 (–0.08, –0.003)	0.77
ΔHADS-D§	751	−0.07 (−0.15, 0.001)	0.21	−0.01 (−0.08, 0.05)	0.39	−0.03 (−0.07, 0.01)	0.77

BPF, brain parenchymal fraction; eCRF, estimated cardiorespiratory fitness; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety subscale; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale depression subscale. Bold text indicates statistically significant associations at p < 0.05.

^*Adjusted for age, sex, education, and smoking.

^**Adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking, and intracranial volume.

^§Additionally adjusted for eCRF, HADS-A, or HADS-D at HUNT2.