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. 2019 Mar 26;10:285. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00285

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Cytokine levels in the CSF of HIV-infected women. Cytokine levels in the CSF of HIV-infected women (■, n = 23; NC: ▾, n = 11; AI: ▴, n = 4; SI: ♦, n = 9) and HIV-seronegative controls (•, n = 5) were measured using the human TH1/ TH2 cytometric bead array kit. Significant increased levels of IL-2 (A), IFN-γ (B), and TNF-α (C) were associated with the presence and severity of HAND. Although no significant difference was observed with CSF levels of IL-6 (D), a significant difference was observed between HIV-infected women with normal cognition and those with symptomatic neurocognitive impairment in a post-hoc analysis. No significant differences were found in the CSF levels of IL-4 (E), or IL-10 (F) between HIV-seronegative controls and HIV-infected women (stratified by HAND severity). Scattered dots show the CSF cytokine levels of each participant. Horizontal and vertical lines represent mean ± SEM.