Table 2.
Overview of supposed risk factors for WMH in large-scale studies.
| Risk factors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Ad-genetics | (56) |
| Adiposity | (58) |
| Angiotension converting enzyme | (59) |
| Antihypertensive treatment | (60) |
| Aortic stiffness | (61) |
| ApoE genotype | (148, 178, 182, 74, 91, 58) |
| Arterial stiffness | (191, 132, 171, 141) |
| Atherosclerosis | (183, 49, 179) |
| Atrial fibrillation | (138, 163) |
| Blood pressure variability | (62) |
| Cardiac stress markers | (63) |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | (143, 158, 56) |
| Common risk factors | (152, 98, 187, 135, 176, 193, 79) |
| Conjougated equine estrogen | (64) |
| Diabetes mellitus type II | (136, 165, 192, 175, 14, 153, 144) |
| Diet quality | (167, 150) |
| Dysglycemia | (65) |
| Exhaled carbon monoxide | (66) |
| Extracellular vesicle protein levels | (67) |
| FGF23 elevation | (68) |
| Folate | (69) |
| Genetic loci | (70, 71) |
| Hba1C | (72) |
| Homocystein | (69, 72, 142, 161) |
| Hyperlipidemia | (73) |
| Hypertension | (75, 182, 173, 187, 132, 149, 174, 146) |
| Inflammatory markers | (115, 85, 159, 186, 168, 57) |
| Leisure activity | (74) |
| Lipoproteins | (75) |
| Metabolic syndrome | (76) |
| Metalloproteinases | (77) |
| Midlife obesity | (78) |
| Nocturnal blood pressure | (79) |
| Parathyroid hormon | (80) |
| Parental longevity | (81) |
| Parental stroke | (82) |
| Perceived stress | (83) |
| Physical activity | (84) |
| Plasma beta-amyloid | (85, 86) |
| Red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid | (87) |
| S100B | (88) |
| Sleep duration | (89) |
| Sulfur amino acids | (69) |
| Thyroid function | (90) |
| Tomm40 523 genotype | (91) |
| Uric acid | (92) |
| VCAN snps | (93) |
| Vitamin B12 | (69) |
| Vitamin D | (94) |
| Vo2Max | (95) |
Common risk factors are age, sex, gender, and ethnicity. Significant associations with WMH indicated in bold.