Table 3.
Response to the intervention based on clusters of change in AUCglucose (imputed data).
| Responders | Non-responders | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | C1 HI-RES | C2 MOD-RES | C3 NO-RES | C4 DET-RES | P1 | P2 |
| N | 17 | 57 | 126 | 57 | ||
| Mean (SD) of change in AUCglucose | -485 (101) | -236 (52) | -34 (63) | 161 (82) | ||
| Range of change in AUCglucose | -756; -368 | -367; -157 | -156; 70 | 71; 401 | ||
| Baseline | ||||||
| Age (year) | 53.4 (11.0) | 53.6 (11.5) | 52.9 (11.2) | 57.9 (8.7) | ||
| Male sex (%) | 65 | 53 | 51 | 40 | ||
| NGT (%) | 6 | 18 | 37 | 47 | ||
| i-IFG (%) | 18 | 42 | 44 | 39 | ||
| IGT (%) | 29 | 26 | 15 | 7 | ||
| T2DM (%) | 47 | 14 | 4 | 7 | ||
| Change | ||||||
| Body composition | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | -7.5 (4.7) | -4.4 (3.4)a | -3.6 (3.3)a | -2.7 (2.8)a,b | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | -2.6 (1.5) | -1.5 (1.1)a | -1.2 (1.1)a | -1.0 (1.0)a,b | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | -9.7 (6.7) | -5.2 (6.9) | -4.6 (7.6) | -4.8 (6.6) | 0.092 | 0.058 |
| Fat (%) | -3.8 (2.3) | -2.5 (2.4)a | -1.7 (2.2)a,b | -1.6 (1.7)a,b | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Subcutanous fat (cm) | -0.68 (1.0) | -0.59 (0.72) | -0.37 (0.95) | -0.40 (0.80) | 0.372 | 0.172 |
| Visceral fat (cm) | -2.17 (2.41) | -1.27 (2.06) | -0.84 (2.22) | -0.91 (1.96) | 0.137 | 0.566 |
| Clinical measurements | ||||||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | -0.74 (1.14) | -0.48 (0.81) | -0.11 (0.47) | 0.02 (0.59)a,b,c | <0.001 | 0.010 |
| 2 h plasma glucose (mmol/L) | -3.7 (1.9) | -1.6 (1.2)a | -0.3 (1.1)a,b | 1.1 (1.8)a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| AUC glucose (mmol min/L) | -484 (113) | -239 (56)a | -35 (65)a,b | 155 (72)a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| AUC insulin (⋅103 pmol min/L) | -60.2 (54.1) | -31.4 (38.0)a | -16.1 (26.7)a,b | -2.9 (25.7)a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Matsuda index | 2.47 (2.61) | 1.45 (1.85) | 0.53 (1.62)a,b | -0.11 (2.14)a,b | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Insulinogenic index | 17.7 (44.2) | 31.8 (121.8) | -31.9 (149.1) | -55.1 (204.7)b | 0.038 | 0.041 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | -1.2 (11.3) | -5.1 (17.2) | -5.4 (15.6) | -3.6 (16.1) | 0.761 | 0.139 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | -3.0 (10.5) | -4.4 (12.1) | -3.7 (12.3) | -4.5 (11.0) | 0.957 | 0.735 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | -0.71 (1.08) | -0.35 (0.97) | -0.16 (1.05) | -0.17 (0.82) | 0.186 | 0.113 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | -0.56 (1.02) | -0.26 (0.66) | -0.15 (0.70) | -0.08 (0.52) | 0.090 | 0.930 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | -0.01 (0.21) | 0.01 (0.26) | 0.02 (0.26) | -0.06 (0.22) | 0.382 | 0.465 |
| Fitness and physical activity | ||||||
| VO2max (ml/kg/min) | 3.8 (8.0) | 2.7 (3.7) | 3.1 (4.6) | 1.9 (4.5) | 0.359 | 0.304 |
| Exercise time (mins) | 3604 (2035; 5827) | 2585 (1485; 3560) | 2318 (1271; 3615) | 2120 (1328; 3550) | 0.123 | – |
Data are estimated changes (95% CI). P1, p-value for overall unadjusted test of difference between clusters. P2, overall test adjusted for the baseline level of the covariate.
Pairwise tests of difference between clusters adjusted for the baseline level of the covariate: aP < 0.05 vs. C1.
bP < 0.05 vs. C2.
cP < 0.05 vs. C3.