Distance moved at 10 min stimulation (a) or 30 min stimulation period (b) normalized to respective baseline (mean of min 1–3) for 3 months old wildtype/ChR2 (WT, open circles) and DYT1 KI/ChR2 (DYT, closed circles) at 10 Hz and 25 ms (WT n = 10, DYT n = 11), *p < 0.05 compared to respective WT (Holm-Sidak), means ± SEM, (c) percentage of ChR2-positive neurons that are c-Fos-positive in wildtype/ChR2 (WT, open bars) and DYT1 KI/ChR2 (DYT, grey bars) stimulated at 25 ms, 10 Hz, 10 min light on +15 min delay before sacrifice, N as in (a, b).