Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| NO group (N=49) |
INT group (N=11) |
EXT group (N=26) |
COM group (N=28) |
F | p value | post-hoc analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| CDI | 20.82 (20.72) | 29.18 (24.46) | 28.88 (22.67) | 21.79 (22.49) | 1.064 | 0.368 | |
| ARS | 20.16 (9.51) | 20.60 (12.30) | 26.04 (8.34) | 29.46 (11.31) | 5.716 | 0.001* | COM>NO |
| STAI | |||||||
| State anxiety | 30.14 (9.20) | 30.11 (6.77) | 32.16 (6.06) | 32.54 (8.03) | 0.602 | 0.615 | |
| Trait anxiety | 29.48 (9.52) | 30.89 (9.37) | 33.16 (7.90) | 33.42 (9.10) | 1.328 | 0.270 | |
| FSIQ | 85.65 (13.71) | 85.91 (10.48) | 84.54 (12.67) | 84.11 (14.87) | 0.105 | 0.957 | |
| ATA | |||||||
| Omission errors, visual | 68.98 (21.52) | 78.82 (18.71) | 64.31 (19.14) | 65.54 (24.06) | 1.349 | 0.262 | |
| Commission errors, visual | 71.69 (19.39) | 73.18 (18.18) | 71.88 (21.76) | 69.82 (23.18) | 0.088 | 0.966 | |
| RT, visual | 59.12 (16.17) | 57.18 (16.41) | 58.46 (15.16) | 55.50 (16.95) | 0.317 | 0.813 | |
| RT variability, visual | 64.00 (18.24) | 68.82 (19.21) | 67.15 (21.43) | 65.07 (19.80) | 0.270 | 0.847 | |
| Omission errors, auditory | 67.57 (20.22) | 61.45 (11.62) | 67.65 (17.31) | 68.61 (22.33) | 0.376 | 0.770 | |
| Commission errors, auditory | 73.96 (21.18) | 58.18 (17.25) | 64.38 (18.97) | 76.50 (22.62) | 2.399 | 0.072 | |
| RT, auditory | 43.18 (12.38) | 45.27 (9.48) | 42.81 (17.93) | 44.93 (13.36) | 0.179 | 0.910 | |
| RT variability, auditory | 52.57 (11.94) | 51.91 (9.95) | 47.54 (12.02) | 47.39 (11.85) | 1.711 | 0.169 | |
| K-CBCL | |||||||
| Total problems | 57.37 (4.83) | 69.64 (5.41) | 64.73 (3.68) | 77.71 (8.49) | 75.472 | <0.001 | COM>INT, EXT>NO |
| Internalizing problems | 54.76 (6.12) | 71.64 (6.47) | 56.54 (6.41) | 72.07 (8.84) | 48.676 | <0.001 | COM, INT>EXT, NO |
| Externalizing problems | 56.76 (6.22) | 61.18 (2.71) | 68.62 (4.86) | 75.32 (9.95) | 47.849 | <0.001 | COM, EXT>INT, NO |
| Anxious/depressed | 55.06 (5.30) | 69.46 (2.46) | 58.46 (6.36) | 69.39 (13.73) | 22.680 | <0.001 | COM, INT>NO, EXT |
| Withdrawan/depressed | 55.22 (4.83) | 72.00 (5.81) | 56.65 (6.16) | 63.14 (13.35) | 16.153 | <0.001 | INT>COM>NO, EXT |
| Somatic complaints | 55.84 (6.13) | 60.73 (6.67) | 53.46 (4.12) | 63.32 (9.46) | 11.684 | <0.001 | COM>NO, EXT INT>EXT |
| Social problems | 58.55 (5.59) | 67.09 (5.61) | 63.46 (6.78) | 68.68 (8.20) | 15.821 | <0.001 | COM>EXT>NO INT>NO |
| Thought problems | 57.82 (6.84) | 66.36 (4.68) | 60.65 (7.16) | 64.14 (12.92) | 4.844 | 0.003 | COM, INT>NO |
| Attention problems | 60.35 (6.80) | 67.18 (7.28) | 65.31 (6.06) | 72.50 (8.65) | 17.336 | <0.001 | COM>EXT>NO INT>NO |
| Rule breaking behavior | 57.31 (5.26) | 59.09 (6.77) | 65.19 (4.81) | 67.18 (6.13) | 23.649 | <0.001 | COM, EXT>INT,NO |
| Aggressive behavior | 56.63 (4.49) | 60.36 (3.72) | 68.27 (3.17) | 71.18 (15.00) | 22.987 | <0.001 | COM, EXT>INT, NO |
*
p<0.05.
CDI: Children’s Depression Inventory, ARS: ADHD Rating Scale, STAI, State-trait Anxiety Inventory, FSIQ: Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, ATA: Advanced Test of Attention, RT: response time, K-CBCL: Korean-Child Behavior Checklist