Table 2.
Signaling cascades contributing to MGPC formation in pharmacological models.
| Substance | Signal pathway | Müller glia state | Animal tested | MGPC function | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NMDA | Jak/Stat | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Chicken | Regenerative [89] |
| Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Mouse | Regenerative [90] | ||
| mTor | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Chicken | Regenerative [91] | |
| Downregulation | — | Rat | Neuroprotective [92, 93] | ||
| Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Mouse | Regenerative [90] | ||
| ERK | Upregulation | Dedifferentiation | Chicken | Regenerative [94] | |
| Activate | — | Rat | Neuroprotective [92, 95] | ||
| Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Mouse | Regenerative [90] | ||
| Wnt-catenin | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Chicken | Regenerative [96] | |
| Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Rat | Regenerative [97] | ||
| Notch | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Avian | Regenerative [98] | |
| Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Chinken | Regenerative [99] | ||
| Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Rat | Regenerative [97] | ||
| Downregulation | Pro | Fish | Regenerative [100] | ||
| Glutamate | Activate | Pro and dedi | Rat | Regenerative [101, 102] | |
| Retinoic acid | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Avian | Regenerative [103] | |
| BMP4/7 | Upregulation | Proliferation | Chicken | Neuroprotective [104] | |
| BMP4/Smad1/5/8 | Upregulation | Dedifferentiation | Chicken | Regenerative [105] | |
| TGFβ/P-smad2/3 | Downregulation | Dedifferentiation | Chicken | Regenerative [105] | |
|
| |||||
| MNU | TGFβ/P-smad3 | Downregulation | Proliferation | Zerafish | Regenerative [106] |
| P53/P21-cyclin1 | Upregulation | Dedifferentiation | Rat | Regenerative [107, 108] | |
| SHH | Activate | Pro and dedi | Rat | Regenerative [109] | |
|
| |||||
| NAIO3 | Notch | Downregulation | Dedifferentiation | Rat | Regenerative [110] |
| NTs | Overproduce | Proliferation | Mouse | Neuroprotective [111] | |
|
| |||||
| STZ | VEGFR2-AKT | VEGFR2-AKT (knockout-activate) |
Apoptosis | Mice | Apoptosis [112] |
| P-ERK1/2 | Activate | Activate | Rat | Neuroprotective [113] | |
Pro: proliferation; dedi: dedifferentiation.