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. 2018 Dec 27;7(3):655–678. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.12.007

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© 2018 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Analysis of cytokine mRNA and protein levels. (A–D) qPCR analysis of cytokine mRNA levels in the colon of Gfra1^hypo/hypo and control mice at indicated ages. Tnf mRNA levels are up-regulated in P5 colon (P < .05, analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparisons) and in P10 colon (P < .05, analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparisons). (E and F) Tnf and Il1b mRNA levels are not up-regulated in the small intestine (a segment spanning the duodenum–jejunum was analyzed). (G–I) Measurements of serum cytokine protein levels by ELISA. In analysis of Gfra1^hypo/hypo and control mice at the indicated ages, no significant differences between the genotypes were observed. The number of animals is given for each time point in the Figure panels (qPCR: 2–3 biological replicates, 1–2 independent experiments per animal; ELISA: 2 biological replicates, 1 experiment per animal). All summary data are presented as means ± SEM. ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, and ∗∗∗P < .001.