Table 4.
Socio-demographic and college-specific factors for lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) in the WMH-ICS Surveys, country effect vs. overall effect.
| Overall Effect | Australia | Belgium | Germany | Mexico | Northern-Ireland | South-Africa | Spain | USA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | |
| Being female | 1.3 (1.2–1.5)* | 0.6 (0.5–0.9)* | 0.8 (0.7–1.0)* | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7)* | 1.4 (1.0–1.9)* | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) |
| Age | |||||||||
| 20 years or more | 1.2 (1.0–1.5)* | 1.6 (1.0–2.4)* | 1.6 (1.1–2.2)* | 0.6 (0.4–0.9)* | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0)* | 1.1 (0.4–3.1) |
| 19 years | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9)* | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |
| 18 yearsb | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Parental education | |||||||||
| Low | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.0 (0.6–1.4) | 1.6 (1.0–2.8) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) |
| Medium | 0.9 (0.7–1.0)* | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
| High | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Parents not married or at least one parent deceased | 1.4 (1.3–1.6)* | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1)* | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9)* |
| Place raised | |||||||||
| Rural area | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.3–3.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 1.6 (0.7–3.7) | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) |
| Suburbs | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 1.7 (0.9–3.1) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) |
| Town/village | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 1.0 (0.3–3.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) |
| Large city | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.6 (0.3–1.4) | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9)* | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) |
| Small city | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Religion | |||||||||
| Another religion | 1.4 (1.0–1.8)* | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 0.6 (0.2–2.3) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 1.6 (0.8–3.0) | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) |
| No religion | 1.5 (1.3–1.7)* | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
| Christian | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Sexual orientation | |||||||||
| Non-heterosexual with same-sex sexual intercourse | 5.1 (3.9–6.8)* | 1.4 (0.6–3.3) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7)* | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) | 1.0 (0.3–3.1) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) |
| Non-heterosexual without same-sex sexual intercourse | 3.6 (2.8–4.5)* | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8)* | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 1.4 (0.6–3.4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.7) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) |
| Heterosexual - some same-sex attraction | 2.1 (1.8–2.5)* | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) | 2.4 (1.4–4.1)* | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)* | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
| Heterosexual - no same-sex attraction | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Current living situation | |||||||||
| Other | 1.5 (0.8–3.0) | 1.3 (0.3–5.9) | 1.0 (0.4–2.7) | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | 0.7 (0.3–1.9) | 1.0 (0.3–3.6) | 0.6 (0.0–10.4) | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | 4.0 (0.2–78.1) |
| Private hall of residence | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 0.9 (0.3–3.0) | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 1.9 (0.5–7.1) | 0.8 (0.2–3.2) | 0.9 (0.3–2.2) | 1.5 (0.2–13.1) |
| Shared house or apartment/flat | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 1.2 (0.5–3.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 1.2 (0.4–3.4) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 0.3 (0.0–10.0) |
| University or college hall of residence | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1.6 (0.3–10.2) |
| Parents or other relative or own home | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Expected to work on a student job | 0.8 (0.7–1.0)* | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9)* | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9)* | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) |
| Self-reported ranking high school | |||||||||
| Bottom 70% | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.5) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0)* | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5)* | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) |
| Top 30 to 10% | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9)* | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) |
| Top 10 to 5% | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0)* | 1.5 (1.1–2.1)* | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) |
| Top 5% | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Most important reason to go to college extrinsic | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 0.6 (0.4–1.2) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) |
Note: each row shows a separate logistic regression model with any lifetime STB as the outcome variable, adjusting for all other predictor variables (rows), country membership, and predictor-by-country interaction dummies. The second column shows the overall adjusted predictor variable effect; the country columns show to what extent the country-specific adjusted predictor variable effect deviates from the overall adjusted predictor variable effect. For example, the country-specific effect for “Non-heterosexual with same-sex sexual intercourse” (versus “Heterosexual - no same-sex attraction”) in Mexico can be obtained by multiplying aOR = 5.1 (the overall effect) by aOR = 0.6 (the country-specific deviation), i.e., aOR = 2.6. Significant findings are indicated in bold and marked with an asterisk; aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; SE = standard error.
α = 0.05.
16 and 17 year old respondents (n = 2 [<0.01%], and n = 307 [0.8%], respectively) were classified in the 18 year old respondent group for all analyses.