Table 1.
The basic characteristics description of included studies
| Study | No. of patients (n) | Male (n) | Age (years) | BMI (kg/m2) | Duration of diabetes (years) | Type of diabetes | Jadad score | Inventions | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LPD | Control | LPD | Control | LPD | Control | LPD | Control | LPD | Control | LPD | Control | LPD | Control | ||
| Zhu Ning 2001 a | 8 | 4 | -a | – | 70.0 | 70.0 | 23.4 | 25.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | II | II | 2 | protein intake 0 .6g/kg/24 h, oral hypoglycemic drugs | normal protein intake, oral hypoglycemic drugs |
| Zhu Ning 2001 b | 8 | 4 | – | – | 71.0 | 70.0 | 24.1 | 25.1 | 14.0 | 12.0 | II | II | 2 | protein intake 0 .8g/kg/24 h, oral hypoglycemic drugs | normal protein intake, oral hypoglycemic drugs |
| Li Yanping 2000 | 14 | 15 | 8 | 8 | 57.0 | 57.0 | – | – | 8.2 | 9.1 | – | – | 2 | protein intake 0 .8g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1.2–1 .5g/kg/24 h |
| Chen Zhenqian 2013 | 36 | 36 | 18 | 19 | 60.6 | 60.1 | 24.8 | 25.0 | 7.8 | 8.1 | – | – | 3 | protein intake 0 .8g/kg/24 h | normal protein intake |
| Yin Qunfang 2009 | 30 | 20 | 18 | 12 | 53.6 | 53.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | protein intake 0.6–0 .8g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1 g/kg/24 h |
| Cui Jirong 2015 | 100 | 100 | 52 | 45 | 56.4 | 58.3 | – | – | – | – | II | II | 2 | protein intake 0.58–0. 82 g/kg/24 h, oral hypoglycemic drugs, inject insulin | normal protein intake, oral hypoglycemic drugs, inject insulin |
| Tao Jianxun 2008 | 66 | 68 | 44 | 60.5 | 58.0 | 24.3 | 24.5 | 9.1 | 10.9 | II | II | 2 | protein intake 0 .7g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1 g/kg/24 h | |
| H.Makino.K.Shikata 2009 | 56 | 56 | 33 | 33 | 57.5 | 56.3 | – | – | – | – | II | II | 3 | protein intake 0.92 ± 0. 43 g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1.22 ± 0. 25 g/kg/24 h |
| Bertrand Dussol 2005 | 22 | 25 | 19 | 20 | 52.0 | 63.0 | 28.0 | 27.0 | 15.0 | 20.0 | I、II | I、II | 3 | protein intake 0 .8g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1 .2g/kg/24 h |
| Carlo Meloni 2004 | 40 | 40 | 22 | 19 | 52.7 | 56.3 | – | – | – | – | I、II | I、II | 3 | protein intake 0 .8g/kg/24 h | free protein intake |
| G.D.Brinkworth 2004 | 19 | 19 | 7 | 8 | 62.7 | 60.9 | 33.3 | 33.6 | – | – | II | II | 3 | – | – |
| Henrik P.Hansen 2002 | 41 | 41 | 30 | 23 | 40.0 | 41.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 27.0 | 28.0 | I | I | 3 | protein intake 0. 89 g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1. 02 g/kg/24 h |
| LTJ Pijls 2002 | 63 | 68 | 40 | 36 | 63.0 | 65.0 | 27.4 | 28.2 | 6.7 | 7.2 | II | II | 4 | protein intake 0 .8g/kg/24 h | free protein intake |
| Loek T.J.Pijls 1999 | 58 | 63 | 39 | 35 | 64.0 | 63.0 | 27.3 | 28.1 | 6.8 | 7.2 | II | II | 4 | protein intake 0 .8g/kg/24 h | free protein intake |
| Frederick J Raal 1994 | 11 | 11 | 3 | 5 | 29.0 | 30.0 | 26.0 | 23.8 | 20.0 | 21.0 | – | – | 3 | protein intake 0 .8g/kg/24 h | Protein intake > 1 .6g/kg/24 h |
| Robin P.F.Dullaart 1993 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 43.0 | 39.0 | 25.1 | 23.3 | 23.0 | 20.0 | – | – | 4 | protein intake 0 .6g/kg/24 h | free protein intake |
| Kathleen Zeller 1991 | 20 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 33.0 | 35.0 | – | – | 21.0 | 22.4 | I | I | 3 | protein intake 0 .6g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1 g/kg/24 h |
| Adolfo Ciavarella 1987 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 37.6 | 36.8 | – | – | 16.6 | 18.7 | – | – | 2 | protein intake0.71 ± 0. 12 g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1.44 ± 0. 12 g/kg/24 h |
| Benh.Brouhard 1990 | 8 | 7 | – | – | 36.0 | 30.0 | – | – | 19.0 | 19.0 | – | – | 2 | protein intake 0 .6g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1 g/kg/24 h |
| L.Velazquez Lopez 2008 a | 9 | 10 | 7 | 17 | 68.0 | 66.3 | – | – | 18.7 | 15.0 | II | II | 4 | protein intake 0.6–0 .8g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1–1 .2g/kg/24 h |
| L.Velazquez Lopez 2008 b | 10 | 12 | 68.0 | 66.3 | – | – | 18.7 | 15.0 | II | II | 4 | protein intake 0.6–0 .8g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1–1 .2g/kg/24 h | ||
| L.Velazquez Lopez 2008 c | 10 | 9 | 68.0 | 66.3 | – | – | 18.7 | 15.0 | II | II | 4 | protein intake 0.6–0 .8g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1–1 .2g/kg/24 h | ||
| Mauro Giordano 2014 | 40 | 34 | – | – | 72.0 | 71.0 | 30.8 | 31.4 | – | – | II | II | 3 | protein intake 0 .7g/kg/24 h | protein intake 1 .1g/kg/24 h |
a: the studies has not provided this data; BMI body mass idex, LPD low-protein diet, I type 1 diabetes; II type 2 diabetes