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. 2019 Apr 2;17:108. doi: 10.1186/s12967-019-1852-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 7 — The working model of ZCCHC13 in HCC carcinogenesis. ZCCHC13 promoter hypomethylation increases the levels of its mRNA and protein in normal liver tissues. Then, ZCCHC13 overexpression aberrantly stimulates the activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways, upregulating the expression of the downstream component c-MYC. Finally, cell cycle progression is enhanced through the G1 and G2 checkpoints, which speed entry into mitosis in the presence of the c-MYC-linked kinases CDK1 and CDK4