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. 2019 Apr 1;7:51. doi: 10.1186/s40478-019-0707-5

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Water transport measurements in astrocytes primary cultures. Calcein-quenching measurement of osmotically induced volume changes in primary cultured astrocytes from AQP4ex null, AQP4-KO and WT mice. a Typical traces of cell volume changes, recorded for the indicated astroglial cells, upon exposure to a hypotonic (240 mOsm/L; Δ 60 mOsm/L) (a) or hypertonic (360 mOsm/L; Δ 60 mOsm/L) b solutions. Note in A the recovery of the fluorescence, as a consequence of the volume regulatory decrease following the hypotonic shock. c,d, Histograms showing the mean ± SE values of time constants (τ) obtained by fitting an exponential curve to the cell swelling (c) or shrinking (d) phases of astrocyes after osmotic challenges obtained from 15 to 22 different measurements of three sets of independent experiments (***p < 0.0001; **p < 0.001)