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. 2019 Apr 2;16:7. doi: 10.1186/s12950-019-0211-5

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Portal venous plaque inflammation marked by macrophage infiltration in NAFLD. The surgical specimens (I and II) were stained with antibodies against IL-1β (a), oxLDL and CD68 (b), LOX-1 and α-SMA (c), and oxLDL and α-SMA (d). Macrophage infiltration (marked by CD68) in the portal vein walls with oxLDL accumulation is shown. A ruptured portal venous plaque showed a particularly high intensity of CD68, LOX-1, and IL-1β signals, suggesting portal venous inflammation (lI, arrowhead). Portal venous atherosclerosis was observed in the layer below vascular smooth muscle (marked by α-SMA) and protruded into the portal venous lumen. The hepatic artery (arrow) was not involved in the oxLDL-related event. Scale bar: 100 μm