Table 2.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Annual Costs and Resource Consumption per Patient
| Cost item | OCC | Non-OCC | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | Mean (95% CI) | Na | Mean (95% CI) | |
| p-Value for adjusted meanb | Adjusted mean (95% CI) | Adjusted mean (95% CI) | ||
| Daily activities | 60 | $486.63 (294.16 to 679.10) | 25 | $77.08 (32.02 to 122.15) |
| p = 0.003 | $419.42 (181.26 to 657.58) | $20.09 (−174.14 to 214.31) | ||
| Devices | 60 | $65.73 (7.80 to 123.67) | 53 | $42.53 (−1.28 to 86.35) |
| p = 0.216 | $100.44 (33.45 to 167.44) | $54.55 (0.08 to 109.01) | ||
| ER visits | 7 | $47.76 (10.73 to 84.80) | 33 | $433.33 (271.08 to 595.59) |
| p = 0.428 | $418.12 (245.84 to 590.41) | $494.06 (352.44 to 635.68) | ||
| Hospitalizations | 12 | $1,234.89 (−151.09 to 2,620.87) | 7 | $224.69 (48.47 to 400.91) |
| p = 0.033 | $2,108.07 (432.47 to 3,783.68) | $119.89 (−1,236.95 to 1,476.72) | ||
| Injections | 36 | $101.95 (49.61 to 154.29) | 36 | $249.25 (116.44 to 382.07) |
| p = 0.270 | $177.88 (31.52 to 324.25) | $267.16 (148.17 to 386.14) | ||
| Medications | 124 | $970.31 (578.89 to 1,361.73) | 134 | $2,553.99 (1,160.64 to 3,947.33) |
| p = 0.634 | $2,189.38 (387.07 to 3,979.69) | $2,656.21 (1,199.04 to 4,113.38) | ||
| Office visits | 127 | $2,430.21 (1,954.45 to 2,905.96) | 114 | $1,271.39 (988.00 to 1,554.78) |
| p < 0.001 | $2,904.28 (2,294.86 to 3,516.69) | $1,279.30 (784.56 to 1,774.04) | ||
| Surgeries | 12 | $165.76 (73.43 to 258.10) | 5 | $27.89 (−4.31 to 60.08) |
| p = 0.006 | $246.38 (134.61 to 358.14) | $74.51 (−15.89 to 164.91) | ||
| Indirect costs | 42 | $3,603.09 (1,520.40 to 5,685.78) | 25 | $1,402.46 (551.35 to 2,253.57) |
| p = 0.433 | $2,851.41 (338.54 to 5,364.27) | $1,761.72 (−262.16 to 3,785.61) | ||
| Total costs | 134 | $9,106.33 (6,232.64 to 11,980.02) | 144 | $6,282.62 (4,521.82 to 8,043.42) |
| p = 0.024 | $11,526.73 (7,766.14 to 15,287.31) | $6,810.63 (3,763.15 to 9,858.11) | ||
| Annual resource consumption | ||||
| Number ER visits | 7 | 0.07 (0.02 to 0.13) | 33 | 0.68 (0.42 to 0.93) |
| p = 0.428 | 0.65 (0.38 to 0.92) | 0.77 (0.55 to 0.99) | ||
| No. of hospitalizations | 12 | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.20) | 7 | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.08) |
| p = 0.007 | 0.25 (0.15 to 0.35) | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.18) | ||
| Days of hospitalization | 12 | 0.53 (−0.05 to 1.13) | 7 | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.17) |
| p = 0.033 | 0.91 (0.19 to 1.64) | 0.05 (−0.54 to 0.64) | ||
| No. of different drugs | 124 | 4.77 (4.15 to 5.39) | 134 | 5.57 (4.94 to6.20) |
| p = 0.350 | 6.11 (5.21 to 7.01) | 5.65 (4.92 to 6.38) | ||
| No. of office visits | 127 | 22.80 (18.35 to 27.26) | 114 | 10.97 (8.31 to 13.64) |
| p ≤ 0.001 | 26.87 (21.11 to 32.62) | 11.22 (6.54 to 15.90) | ||
| Number work incapacity days | 30 | 7.95 (2.22 to 13.67) | 21 | 3.34 (0.39 to 6.29) |
| p = 0.615 | 7.77 (0.52 to 15.01) | 5.75 (−0.09 to 11.60) | ||
a
Patients actually being affected by the item, mean values are referring to the total n by group.
b
Adjusted for: age, sex, education, marital status, time since LBP treatment start, number of days with pain in the last 180 days, injections for back pain (yes/no), patients' expectation for improvement, smoking status, BMI, activity, baseline value of the outcome.
95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMI, body-mass index; ER, emergency room; LBP, low back pain; OCC, Osher Clinical Center.