FIG. 2.

Time course of peripheral myeloid cell infiltration and microglial activation in male and female mice following controlled cortical impact (CCI). Flow cytometry analysis of brains from male and female mice from sham and CCI through 7 days post-injury. Representative dot plots at 1 day post-injury demonstrated that in male and female traumatic brain injury (TBI), there are similar numbers of microglia (CD45^intCD11b+), but more infiltrating myeloid cells (CD45^hiCD11b+) in male TBI (A). Both males and females showed a significant injury effect in the number of infiltrating cells in the brain compared with sham at 1 (***) and 3 (***) days post-injury; however, there were significantly more infiltrating myeloid cells in the male TBI brain at 1 day post-injury compared with the female TBI brain (+++) (B). When compared with sex-matched shams, TBI resulted in a significant increase in numbers of microglia both in male and female TBI brains at 3 (*) and 7 (*) days post-injury. Sex and injury effects were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance, and Tukey post hoc analysis was performed for multiple comparisons where *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01 for Sham vs. TBI, +p < 0.05, +++p < 0.001 for male vs. female. Mean ± standard error of the mean; n = 8-15/group. Color image is available online.