FIG. 1.

Alcohol use and problem alcohol behaviors and other substance use by caffeine type and frequency in female and male college students. Data for females are presented in the top panel and data for males are in the bottom panel. Problem alcohol behaviors and substance use are listed along the left side of the figure, and the columns show the data for ACU, DCU, any ED use, and regular ED use. Odds ratios with confidence intervals are presented, and significant findings are noted with an asterisk. ACU, any caffeine use; DCU, daily caffeine use; ED, energy drink.