Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| ICD | PD | t | p | Cohen’sd | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | ||||
| Age | 61.2 | 8.3 | 60.5 | 7.8 | 0.3 | 0.775 | 0.09 | ||
| Sex (#male) | 21 | 21 | |||||||
| Education | 15.2 | 3.8 | 15.8 | 2.4 | −0.7 | 0.499 | 0.20 | ||
| PD duration (yrs) | 13.2 | 7.1 | 11.9 | 7.1 | 0.6 | 0.544 | 0.18 | ||
| # on Agonist | 16 | 17 | |||||||
| Agonist LEDD | 179.8 | 164.8 | 166.0 | 185.8 | 0.3 | 0.787 | 0.08 | ||
| Total LEDD | 1582.3 | 898.6 | 1006.3 | 552.4 | 2.7 | 0.010 | 0.77 | ||
| UPDRS-III Off | 17 | 41.3 | 11.3 | 19 | 37.2 | 14.8 | 0.9 | 0.360 | 0.31 |
| UPDRS-III On | 23 | 21.6 | 9.9 | 20 | 18.3 | 10.5 | 1.0 | 0.301 | 0.32 |
| DRS-II | 138.0 | 3.5 | 136.5 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 0.278 | 0.32 | ||
| WASI Full Scale IQ* | 105.9 | 12.6 | 109.0 | 12.2 | −0.9 | 0.395 | 0.25 | ||
| WRAT Reading* | 22 | 98.5 | 15.5 | 101.5 | 16.7 | −0.6 | 0.527 | 0.19 | |
| Boston Naming | 53.7 | 5.1 | 56.2 | 2.0 | −2.3 | 0.027 | 0.66 | ||
| Phonemic Fluency | 36.8 | 11.2 | 40.4 | 10.1 | −1.1 | 0.257 | 0.33 | ||
| Semantic Fluency | 40.0 | 7.8 | 47.1 | 7.7 | −3.2 | 0.003 | 0.92 | ||
| Digit Span** | 23 | 9.6 | 1.9 | 23 | 11.7 | 3.3 | −2.7 | 0.010 | 0.79 |
| LNS** | 9.3 | 2.5 | 23 | 11.1 | 3.3 | −2.1 | 0.043 | 0.61 | |
| JOLO | 23.6 | 6.6 | 23.8 | 4.4 | −0.1 | 0.939 | 0.02 | ||
| SDMT | 43.0 | 12.9 | 23 | 44.8 | 11.4 | −0.5 | 0.618 | 0.15 | |
| WCST Persev Err* | 86.3 | 13.4 | 86.8 | 12.3 | −0.1 | 0.893 | 0.04 | ||
| WCST Categories | 2.5 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 2.2 | −1.9 | 0.059 | 0.56 | ||
| Logical Memory I** | 9.0 | 2.6 | 10.1 | 2.6 | −1.6 | 0.126 | 0.45 | ||
| Logical Memory II** | 9.8 | 2.3 | 10.8 | 2.6 | −1.3 | 0.204 | 0.37 | ||
| RAVLT Immediate | 37.9 | 10.5 | 43.1 | 9.1 | −1.8 | 0.074 | 0.53 | ||
| RAVLT Delay | 6.3 | 4.0 | 7.2 | 4.2 | −0.7 | 0.485 | 0.20 | ||
| BDI-II | 11.2 | 6.8 | 8.5 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 0.125 | 0.45 | ||
| BAI | 14.4 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 6.4 | 1.4 | 0.172 | 0.40 | ||
N = 24 & df = 46 unless otherwise noted; values are raw scores unless otherwise noted.
Higher scores indicated better performance for: Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-second Edition (DRS-II) (Jurica, Leitten, & Mattis, 2001), and measures of general intelligence (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, WASI Full Scale), premorbid verbal abilities (Wide Range Achievement Test-fourth Edition Reading Subscale, WRAT) naming (Boston Naming Test, BNT) (Kaplan, Goodglass, & Weintraub, 1983), phonemic fluency (Psychological Corporation, 1999), oral processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test, SDMT) (Smith, 1982), attention span (Wechsler Memory Scale-third Edition Digit Span), working memory (Wechsler Memory Scale-third Edition Letter Number Sequencing, LNS), (visuospatial ability, Judgment of Line Orientation, JOLO) (Benton, Sivan, Hamsher, Varney, & Spreen, 1983), problem solving (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Categories completed, WCST Categories), Immediate and Delayed List Memory (Trials 1–5 recall Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, RAVLT immediate; RAVLT Delay) (Lezak, 1983), and immediate and delayed story recall (Wechsler Memory Scale-third Edition Logical Memory I and II Subtests) (Wechsler, 1997). Lower scores indicated better performance on measures of perseverative tendencies (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Perseverative errors) (Heaton, 1981), depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-second Edition, BDI-II), and anxiety symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI).
*Standard Score.
**Scaled Score.