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. 2019 Apr 2;9:5515. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41941-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Anatomy of the female reproductive system and cancer biology of the ovary. The inset depicts models of high-grade serous (HGS, blue) and non-serous (NS, yellow) ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Most HGS ovarian carcinomas arise in the fallopian tube fimbria and implant on the ovary whereas most NS ovarian carcinomas arise from ovarian endometriosis which is thought to occur from retrograde menstruation. Dashed lines depict processes (retrograde menstruation or implantation of HGS cells), solid lines depict the progression of disease (ovarian endometriosis to NS carcinoma).