Table 3.
Multi-Variable Analysis of Factors Associated with the Incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) Among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Adults
| HIV-infected | HIV-uninfected | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | p | RR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age, years | 0.50 | 0.088 | ||
| 40–49 vs. 18–39 | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 1.8 (0.8–4.0) | ||
| 50–64 vs. 18–39 | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 2.1 (1.0–4.8) | ||
| ≥65 vs. 18–39 | 1.5 (0.5–4.3) | 3.5 (1.2–9.7) | ||
| Female vs. male | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.48 | 2.5 (1.4–4.6) | 0.002 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | 0.19 | ||
| Black vs. white | 2.3 (1.5–3.5) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | ||
| Hispanic vs. white | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | ||
| Other/unknown vs. white | 0.7 (0.2–2.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | ||
| Calendar era of study entry | 0.28 | 0.021 | ||
| 2000–2003 vs. 1996–1999 | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | ||
| 2004–2007 vs. 1996–1999 | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | ||
| 2008–2009 vs. 1996–1999 | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | ||
| 2010–2011 vs. 1996–1999 | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | ||
| SES quintile | 0.057 | 0.88 | ||
| 2 vs. 1 (low) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | 1.2 (0.5–2.6) | ||
| 3 vs. 1 (low) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | ||
| 4 vs. 1 (low) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.8 (0.3–1.7) | ||
| 5 (high) vs. 1 (low) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | ||
| Ever smoking | 2.3 (1.5–3.5) | <0.001 | 2.9 (1.7–4.9) | <0.001 |
| History of diabetes | 0.8 (0.3–1.8) | 0.56 | 1.2 (0.6–2.7) | 0.58 |
| History of hypertension | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 0.27 | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 0.57 |
| History of stroke | 2.6 (0.6–11.0) | 0.19 | 5.1 (1.6–17.0) | 0.007 |
| History of CHD | 2.2 (0.9–5.2) | 0.07 | 1.0 (0.4–2.9) | 0.96 |
| History of cancer | 2.3 (1.3–4.0) | 0.004 | 3.5 (1.7–7.4) | 0.001 |
| Prior use of PPV23 vaccine | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.90 | 1.8 (0.9–3.4) | 0.10 |
| Recent CD4 cells/μL | 0.19 | |||
| <200 vs. ≥500 | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | — | ||
| 200–499 vs. ≥500 | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | — | ||
| Recent HIV RNA copies/mL | <0.001 | |||
| <500 vs. ≥10,000 | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | — | ||
| 500–9999 vs. ≥10,000 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | — | ||
| Prior ART use | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.38 | — | |
Adjusted RRs obtained from Poisson models adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, calendar era of study entry, SES, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, CHD, cancer, and PPV23 use, with the addition of recent CD4 count, recent HIV RNA level, and prior ART use for HIV-infected individuals.
ART, antiretroviral therapy; CHD, coronary heart disease; CI, confidence interval; IPD, invasive pneumococcal disease; PPV, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; RR, rate ratio; SES, socioeconomic status.