Table 2.
The outcomes of the 15 included articles divided according to the placental or fetal blood flow measurements used (umbilical artery blood flow, increased placenta-cerebral ratio, retrograde flow in the aortic isthmus) and developmental outcomes (abnormal cognitive outcome ≤/>2 years of age or other).
| Abnormal cognitive outcome ≤2 years of age | Abnormal cognitive outcome >2 years of age | Other | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Umbilical artery blood flow n = 11 | VLBW/VLGA infants n = 7 | (Eger et al., 2013) (38/71) | ns | ||
| (Morsing et al., 2011) (34/68) | p = 0.007 for FSIQ and p = 0.005 for VIQ in boys | ||||
| (Valcamonico et al., 2007) (34/58) | ns | ||||
| (Kaukola et al., 2005) (?/17) | p = 0.005 for neurodevelopmental impairment at 1 year of corrected age | ||||
| (Shand et al., 2009) (39/119) | ns | ||||
| (Vossbeck et al., 2001) (40/80) | p = 0.005 for cognitive development at 1–8 years of age | ||||
| (Leppänen et al., 2009) (17/83) | ns | ||||
| Other premature infants n = 4 | (Kirsten et al., 2007) (50/190) | ns | ns | p = 0.03 for performance subscale at 2 years of age | |
| (Valcamonico et al., 2004) (14/25) | ns | ||||
| (Torrance et al., 2010) (?/71) | ns | ||||
| (Spinillo et al., 2005) (75/266) | p = 0.05 for neurodevelopmental impairment at 12–24 months of age in growth restricted fetuses | ||||
| Increased placenta-cerebral ratio n = 3 | VLBW/VLGA infants n = 1 | (Leppänen et al., 2009) (16/83) | p = 0.01 | ||
| Other premature infants n = 2 | (Scherjon et al., 1998) (34/96) | ns | |||
| (Scherjon et al., 2000) (28/73) | p < 0.02, 54 vs. 20% | ||||
| Aortic isthmus blood flow n = 3 | VLBW/VLGA infants n = 1 | (Kaukola et al., 2005) (6/17) | ns | ||
| (Leppänen et al., 2009) (?/83) | p = 0.03 | ||||
| Other premature infants n = 2 | (Fouron et al., 2001) (5/44) | Relative risk 2.05 (1.49–2.83) | |||
| (Fouron et al., 2005) (?/48) | p = 0.007 for non-optimal neurodevelopmental outcome at 2–5 years of age |
Articles including only very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (birth weight <1,501 g) and/or very low gestational age (VLGA) infants (born <32 weeks of gestation) are shown separately. The number of study subjects with abnormal blood flow patterns in relation to the total number of study subjects are shown in parenthesis, “?” is used when the number of study subjects with abnormal blood flow patterns is not reported in the article..