Table 1. Plant species with significantly more insect visits than expected in three or more cities.

Native (n=9) and non-native (n=5) plant species which have significantly more visitors than expected based on their floral abundance according to null models. Number of observed visits is shown, followed by 95% confidence intervals from the null models in brackets. * indicates species with significantly more visits than expected, ^† indicates species with significantly fewer visits than expected and NR indicates the species was not included in the model for that city (due to no recorded visits or no floral abundance data). For null model results for all plant taxa in all cities see Supplementary Tables 7 and 8.

Plant species/taxon	Common name	Bristol	Reading	Leeds	Edinburgh
Native taxa
Cirsium arvense	Creeping thistle	40 (0-3) *	3 (0-2) *	32 (0-5) *	166 (0-2) *
Geum urbanum	Wood avens	7 (0-5) *	12 (0-5) *	1 (1-8)	6 (0-3) *
Heracleum sphondylium	Common hogweed	18 (0-5) *	20 (0-5) *	9 (1-8) *	66 (1-9) *
Hypochaeris radicata	Cat’s ear	12 (0-5) *	37 (2-11) *	2 (0-1) *	NR
Leucanthemum vulgare	Ox-eye daisy	2 (0-1) *	11 (0-3) *	NR	50 (0-4) *
Ranunculus repens	Creeping buttercup	44 (3-14) *	41 (2-12) *	31 (8-22) *	25 (5-18) *
Rubus fruticosus.agg.	Bramble/blackberry	53 (2-11) *	37 (9-23) *	50 (29-47) *	10 (0-6) *
Scorzoneroides autumnalis	Autumn hawkbit	34 (16-32)	13 (2-12) *	41 (2-13) *	1 (0-1) *
Taraxacum agg.	Dandelion	56 (3-14) *	87 (3-13) *	92 (16-33) *	404 (1-10) *
Non-native taxa
Borago officinalis	Borage	5 (0-3) *	6 (0-3) *	11 (1-9) *	3 (0-3) *
Buddleja davidii	Butterfly bush	17 (0-6) *	8 (0-2) *	4 (0-1) *	1 (0-5)
Calendula officinalis	Common marigold	12 (0-3) *	12 (0-5) *	6 (0-2) *	NR
Lavandula angustifolia, L. latifolia & hybrids	Lavender	71 (11-29) *	37 (1-10) *	18 (2-12) *	10 (28-47) †
Symphytum spp.	Comfrey	26 (4-17) *	17 (1-8) *	3 (0-4)	37 (4-15) *