Table 1.

Distinctions Among Diagnostic Criteria, Clinical Addiction Concepts, and Major Theoretical Concepts

Formal Criteria	Diagnostic Systems			Clinical Addiction Concepts				Major Theoretical Concepts
	DSM-IV1	DSM-52	ICD-103	Compulsive use	Neuro-adaptation	Craving	Addictive Substance Preferred to Other Reinforcers	Incentive Sensitization (Robinson-Berridge4)	Habit (Everitt-Robbins5)	Allostasis (Koob-LeMoal6)	Multi-Step (Piazza-Deroche-Gamonet7)	Reinforcer Pathology (Bickel et al8)
Legal Difficulties	AA	---	---
Use in hazardous situations	AA	AUD	---	X???					X		x	X
Failure to fulfill major role responsibilities	AA	AUD	AD	X			X				X	X
Use despite social or interpersonal problems	AA	AUD		X				X	X		X	X
Use despite physical or psychological problems	AD	AUD	AD	X				X	X		X	X
Tolerance	AD	AUD	AD		X					X
Withdrawal	AD	AUD	AD		X					X
Impaired Control (larger/longer)	AD	AUD	AD	X	X???		X	X	X		X	X
Attempts or desire to “cut down”	AD	AUD		X				X	X		X	X
Time spent (obtaining, using, recovering)	AD	AUD		X			X	X	X			X
Important activities given up	AD	AUD	AD	X			X					X
Craving	---	AUD	AD			X		X			X
Noncriterial Sx’s Implied by Theory
Negative affectivity	---	---	---							X
Relapse Vulnerability						X		X		X	X

Notes; AUD=Alcohol Use Disorder. AA=Alcohol Abuse. AD=Alcohol Dependence. We use the alcohol-specific designations her rather than SUD, SD, and SA

¹DSM-IV=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Version 4 (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)

²DSM-5=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Version 5(American Psychiatric Association, 2013

³ICD-10=International Classification of Diseases, (WHO 2007)

⁴Robinson and Berridge 1993

⁵Everitt and Robbins 2016

⁶Koob and LeMoal 1997, 2006

⁷Piazza and Deroche-Gamonet 2013

⁸Bickel et al., 2014a