Table 1.

Indicators of scaling and entrenchment in subnational climate governance.

Source: Adapted from van der Ven et al. (2017)

Type of scaling	Indicator Has the intervention	Types of entrenchment	Indicator Did the intervention
Simple	Attracted more members, expanded in geographic scope, or accumulated more resources?	Lock-in	Use mechanisms that gave it immediate durability?
Self-organized	Inspired symbiotic interventions?	Self-reinforcing	Become more difficult to reverse over time?
		Positive-feedback	Attract non-target members thereby reinforcing the decisions of early adopters?
Modular	Been consciously emulated in a different context?	Increasing returns	Do the benefits to participants from the intervention increase when more participants are brought on board or the longer the intervention is in place?