Table 1.
Risk associated with diabetes and its comorbidities (Sweden vs Mexico City)
| Variable | Sweden [9] | Mexico City [29] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants with diabetes | Control group | Participants with diabetes | Control group | |
| n | 435,369 | 2,117,483 | 19,068 | 126,978 |
| Age (years) | 65.8 | 65.5 | 59 | 51 |
| Follow-up time (years) | 4.6 | 4.8 | 12 | NR |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6 | – | 9 | – |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 54.3 | NR | 74.9 | 37.7 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.1 | NR | 9.0 | 5.6 |
| BP (mmHg) | 140/79 | NR | 133/84 | 130/84 |
| LDL-cholesterol, (mmol/l [mg/dl]) | 2.94 (113.5) | NR | NR | NR |
| Mortality (%) | 17.7 | 14.5 | 19.9 | 4.6 |
| Unadjusted excess mortality (%)a | 3.2 | 15.3 | ||
| Cardiovascular mortality (%) | 7.9 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 1.4 |
| Unadjusted excess mortality (%)a | 1.8 | 4.8 | ||
| Renal mortality (%) | NR | NR | 5.4 | 0.3 |
| Unadjusted excess mortality (%)a | – | 5.1 | ||
| Mortality in diabetic individuals ≥75 years (%) | 38.7 | 37.2 | 71.1 | 36.3 |
| Unadjusted excess mortality (%)* | 1.5 | 34.8 | ||
| Insulin use (%) | 19.8 | – | 7.1 | – |
| Oral glucose-lowering agents (%) | 51.5 | – | NR | – |
| Biguanide use (including metformin) (%) | NR | – | 18.0 | – |
| Sulfonylurea use (%) | NR | – | 68.6 | – |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 64.9 | NR | 29.6 | 12.3 |
| Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 40.1 | NR | 1.2 | 0.4 |
aUnadjusted excess mortality was calculated as the difference in percentage mortality between control and diabetes groups
NR, not reported