Table 2.

Details of studies pertaining to movement and foraging of Griffon vulture

Subject	Method	Major findings	References
Flight and foraging behaviour	Electrocardiogram, GPS and accelerometers	Heart rate increased three-fold during take-off and landing compared to baseline level. 10 min after initial flapping phase, home range in soaring and gliding dropped to the baseline level that was lower than theoretically possible	Duriez et al. (2014)
	GPS tracking	Change in size of home range in different seasons and also amongst individuals. Vultures prefer a feeding station compared to the rest of the habitat with unpredictable food resources	Monsarrat et al. (2013)
	GPS and accelerometers	Despite high variability in food deprivation periods, flight speed, straightness of flight and the proportion of active flights do not vary in relation to food deprivation	Spiegel et al. (2013)
	GPS and tri-axial accelerometer	Classifying behavioural modes using machine learning classifiers with 80–90% accuracy	(Nathan et al. 2012)
	GPS satellite telemetry	Traditional stock-raising areas are the Griffon vultures’ main range. Overall foraging range is 1719 km2 as minimum convex polygon, with 4078 and 489 km2 as 95 and 50% kernel contours, respectively	García-Ripollés et al. (2011)
	GPS and tri-axial accelerometer	Hungry individuals (fasted > 4 days) spent more time flying, travelled longer distances, and their paths were less straight than well-fed ones	(Harel et al. 2010)
	Radio telemetry and direct observation	Griffon vultures spend 7.6 h/day on food searching, mean distance from colony to feeding area is 8.4 km, mean foraging radius is 15 km, foraging ranges, based on direct observations are 206–851 and 195–527 km2 using the adaptive kernel method. The range based on radio tracking is 390–1300 km2	Xirouchakis and Mylonas (2009)
	Tri-axial accelerometer	Griffon vultures use legs before taking off and after landing. Mean overall dynamic body acceleration for flying up and down a hill were 1.396 ± 0.114 and 0.889 ± 0.123, respectively	Halsey et al. (2009)
	Direct observation	Finding food directly or relying on following other birds, food searching is concentrated on large ungulate herds, gaining altitude with lower density of ungulates in a herd	Houston (1974)
Migration flying characteristics	Direct observation	Higher rate of flapping when crossing water than land, flapping rate and attempts to cross water are influenced by time and weather conditions, passage over a water body is limited by Griffon vulture’s over-water flapping-flight abilities	Bildstein et al. (2009)
	Satellite tracking	A Griffon vulture changed migration direction from south to north and its longest flight distance in a day was 80 km	Berthold et al. (1991)