Table 2:
Whole hippocampal atrophy studies in PD
| Study | Results | No. of Participants: Mean Age | Mean Disease Duration (years) | Parkinson’s and Dementia Diagnosis | Taking Levodopa, DA agonist or MAO inhibitors | Major Clinical Assessment Tools |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Camicioli et al.,2003) | Progressive decline inHippocampal volume Control>PD>PDD> Alzheimer’s disease | 10PD: 73.3 10 PDD: 74.7 |
5.1 7.3 |
-PD: UK Brain Bank Criteria (Ward & Gibb, 1990) -Dementia: DSM-IV criteria, CDR and patient history |
# | -MMSE -NPI |
| (Bruck, Kurki,Kaasinen,Vahlberg, &Rinne, 2004) | PD: Hippocampal atrophy in PD, atrophy correlated with verbal memory | 20PD: 61.3 | 1.7 | -PD: UK Brain Bank Criteria -Dementia: Patients non-demented and criteria for dementia diagnosis not specified |
-After MRI and cognitive testing, treated with DA medications first time | -MMSE -WMS-R -Word-list Memory and Recognition |
| (Summerfield et al., 2005) | PD: atrophy in right hippocampus PDD: volume decrease in bilateral hippocampus |
13PD: 72.77 16 PDD: 70.06 |
10.61 12.94 |
-PD: UK Brain Bank Criteria -Dementia: DSM-IV, CDR and MMSE |
Yes | -MMSE -HDRS |
| (Junque et al.,2005) | PD: atrophy in hippocampus and amygdala, but not statistically significant. PDD: atrophy in hippocampus and amygdala |
16PD: 72.87 16 PDD: 70.06 |
11.25 13.33 |
-PD: UK Brain Bank Criteria -Dementia: DSM-IV and MMSE |
# | -MMSE -modified RAVLT |
| (Tam, Burton,McKeith, Burn,& O’Brien,2005) | MTL atrophy: AD>PDD>PD-NC. Suggested involvement of other anatomic structures other than hippocampus for dementia. | 33 PD: 75.44 31 PDD: 71.88 |
PD: no information PDD: Mean age of onset 68.29 years, mean duration of cognitive symptoms 3.22 years |
-PD: Diagnosis based on consensus and UK Brain Bank Criteria -Dementia: patient history, MMSE or CAMCOG score<80 DLB and PDD: McKeith criteria (McKeith et al., 1996) |
# | -MMSE -CAMCOG |
| (Bouchard et al.,2008) | Correlation between age and overall hippocampal volume in PD. | 44PD: 71.1 13PDD: 71.9 |
8.4 10.3 |
-PD: UK Brain Bank Criteria -PDD: CDR score >0.5 |
Yes | -MMSE -FAB -CVLT-II -BVMT |
| (Jokinen et al.,2009) | Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex atrophy in PD. Hippocampal atrophy related to memory impairment. | 19PD: 64.4 | Not available | -PD: At least 2 main symptoms of PD- tremor, rigidity and hypokinesia. MRI of patients had no findings incompatible with PD diagnosis -Criteria for dementia diagnosis not specified -MMSE, FAB used for cognitive assessment |
Yes | -MMSE -FAB -WMS-R -WAIS-R -TMT- A and B |
| (Melzer et al.,2012) | PD-NC: not different from HC PD-MCI: atrophy in temporal, parietal and frontal cortex, bilateral caudal hippocampus, amygdala and right putamen PDD: widespread atrophy in hippocampal formation |
57PD-NC: 64.3 23 PD-MCI: 70.8 16 PDD: 73.3 |
3.8 7.2 12.9 |
-PD: UK Brain Bank Criteria -Dementia: MDS criteria (Emre et al., 2007) -Classification of PD as PD- NC, PD-MCI and PDD based on neuropsychological testing |
Yes | -MMSE -MoCA -GDS |
| (Kandiah et al., 2014) | Hippocampal volume was a significant predictor for development of mild cognitive impairment and dementia | 44PD-NC: 62.68 34PD-MCI: 67.10 8 PDD: 70.94 |
5.72 4.70 5.95 |
-NINCDS Criteria for PD diagnosis -Dementia: MDS criteria |
# | -MMSE -MoCA -FAB -Color TMT -ONT |
| (Rektorova etal., 2014) | PDD: atrophied hippocampus and overall temporal lobe, fronto-parietal regions and increases in midbrain-cerebellum | 75PD-NC: 64.2 29PD-MCI: 67.0 22PDD: 70.7 |
5 9 5 |
-PD: UK Brain Bank Criteria -Dementia: MDS criteria |
Yes | -MMSE -ACE-R (Mathuranath, Nestor, Berrios, Rakowicz, & Hodges, 2000) |
| (Danti et al.,2015) | PD-MCI as compared to PD-NC: atrophy in right frontal, middle temporal, left insula, bilateral thalamus, left hippocampus | 18PD-NC: 60.6 18PD-MCI: 66.5 |
Mean age of onset in months: PD-NC: 18 PD-MCI: 20 |
-PD: UK Brain Bank Criteria (Ward & Gibb, 1990) -123I FP-CIT SPECT: supportive criterion to confirm nigrostriatal degeneration -PD-MCI established using MDS criteria |
# | -MMSE -MoCA -FAB -TMT- A and B -WAIS -BNT -RAVLT |
Abbreviations: DA: Dopamine, MAO: Monoamine oxidase, GDS: Global Deterioration Scale, MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NPI: Neuropsychiatric Inventory, WMS-R: Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, HDRS: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, RAVLT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, CAMCOG: Cambridge Cognitive Examination, FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery, CVLT: California Verbal Learning Test, BVMT: Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, TMT: Trail Making Test, ONT: Object Naming Test, ACE-R: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised, BNT: Boston Naming Test
PD-NC: Parkinson’s Disease Normal Cognition, PD-MCI : PD Mild Cognitive Impairment, PDD- PD Dementia, CDR: The Clinical Dementia Rating, DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, NINCD: National Institute of Neurologic and Communicative Disorder, SADRDA: Stroke/Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association, MDS-TF: Movement Disorders Task Force, 123I FP-CIT SPECT: 123 55 I-Fluoropropyl-2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta(4-iodophenyl) nortropane Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Medication not specified