Table 2.

Effects of acute polyphenol supplementation on exercise performance

References	Participant characteristics	Supplementation protocol	Performance task	Effects of polyphenol supplementation
Cases et al. [66]	Recreationally active men (n = 15) Crossover trial	290 mg PP from green tea, grape and pomegranate 60 min pre-ex	4 × 30 s all-out cycle sprints with 4-5 min inter-sprint recovery	↑ Peak and average power output ↑ Erythrocyte catalase and plasma SOD activity ↓ Post-exercise pulse pressure
Crum et al. [64]	Trained cyclists (n = 8) Crossover trial	1000 mg pomegranate extract 2.5 h pre-ex (low PP diet consumed)	Time to exhaustion at 100% $\dot{\text{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}max$ workload at sea level and 1657 m	= Time to exhaustion ↑ Plasma nitrate concentration ↑ $\dot{\text{V}}{\text{O}}_2$ at altitude
Roelofs et al. [65]	Recreationally resistance trained (n = 19) Crossover trial	1000 mg pomegranate extract 30 min pre-ex	10 × 6 s cycle sprints 30 s recovery Bench press and leg press repetitions to failure @ 80% 1RM	= Average and peak power (CI revealed higher peak s5 and 7 and average s5 power) = Bench press and leg press repetitions ↑ Brachial artery diameter and flow after repetitions to failure and tendency after repeated sprints.
Trexler et al. [63]	Recreationally active (n = 19) Crossover trial	1000 mg pomegranate extract 30 min pre-ex	Treadmill runs to exhaustion at 90, 100, 110% $\dot{\text{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}max$ (PV)	↑ Time to exhaustion at 90% and 100% PV ↑ Brachial artery blood flow pre-ex ↑ Brachial artery diameter post-ex
Decroix et al. [11]	Trained male cyclists (n = 12) Crossover trial	900 mg cocoa flavanols 1.5 h (TT1) and 3 h (TT2) pre-ex (low PP diet consumed 24 h pre-ex)	Two cycling time trial (equivalent of 30 min @ 75% peak power output) with 100 min passive recovery	= Time trial performance (+ve trend for TT1, p = 0.09) ↑ Total antioxidant capacity (corrected for ↑ uric acid) = Plasma marker oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) = Plasma inflammatory markers (IL1, IL6 and TNF-α)
Deley et al. [69]	Recreationally active men RCT	500 mg PP from grape and apple (n = 24) versus placebo (n = 24) Prior evening and 1 h pre-ex	Time to exhaustion at 70% maximum cycling aerobic power	↑ Time to exhaustion (9.7%)
Oh et al. [68]	Recreationally active men (n = 20) Crossover trial	72 mg PP from Ecklonia cava 30 min pre-ex	Incremental maximum treadmill test	↑ Time to exhaustion Non-significant improvement in $\dot{\text{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}max$ (6.5%)
Keane et al. [67]	Trained cyclists (n = 10) Crossover trial	60 ml Montmorency cherry concentrate (PP dose not provided) 1.5 h pre-ex	6 min moderate and 6 min severe intensity cycling continued to exhaustion and on other occasion followed by an all-out 60 s sprint	= Time to exhaustion ↑ Peak power and work done during sprint ↓ Pre-ex systolic blood pressure

↑ Increased, ↓ decreased, = no change, CI confidence interval, IL interleukin, PP polyphenol, PV peak velocity, RCT randomised controlled trial with parallel groups, RM repetition maximum, SOD superoxide dismutase, TNF tumour necrosis factor, TT time trial, $\dot{V}{O}_{2}max$ maximum rate of oxygen consumption