Table 1.
Descriptive summary of study characteristics
| Study references | Design | Subjects | Intervention | Comparator | Outcome measures | Setting | Data collection points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [45] | Case study | One 17 year old female with depression | 10 individual sessions with graduate student CBT trained | None | BDI | USA. Clinic | Pre, session 6/8 BATD, last session |
| [46] | Case studies | 4 young people, 2 European American, 1 African–American, 1 mixed ethnicity (European–Korean) (2 female) with depression based on Diagnostic Interview for Children and BDI-II score. Age 12–18 | 12 individual sessions with Clinical Psychology doctorate student | None | DISC and BDI-II | USA. Clinic | Baseline, immediately post-treatment and follow-up (varied by participant from 1 to 3 months). BDI-II also at every session |
| [47] | Case studies | 2 (1 female) with depression or anxiety based on semi-structured interview. Age 7–17 | 8 individual sessions. Delivered by on-site Mental health clinical staff | None | SCARED, CDI | USA. Pediatric clinics | Pre treatment, end treatment (8 weeks), 12 week post-treatment, 24 week follow-up |
| [48] | Case series | 5 (4 completed, 3 female) young people. 2 White, 1 African–American, one African immigrant, one Asian–American. Met criteria for depression or anxiety based on ADIS-IV-C. Age 12–14 | 13 group sessions at school with Clinical Psychologist and trainee clinical psychologist | None | ADIS-IV-C, MASC-C/P, CES-D-C/P | USA. Large state middle school | Pre and post |
| [49] | Case study | Case descriptive composite but scores from one 17 year old male. Diagnosed with Major depressive disorder | 14 individual sessions with therapist | None | CDRS-R and SMFQ | USA. Clinic | Pre and then repeated, but score details for after baseline not given |
| [50] | Case series | 5 females, scoring in depression range on CES-D. Age 13–18 | 10 sessions with individual with social workers | None | BDI | Australia. Adolescents in rural area | Baseline, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 6 weeks and end of treatment (10 weeks) |
| [51] | Case series | 3 (1 female) African America 13–17 year olds with major depressive disorder on K-SADS | Invited to 14–17 individual sessions with clinical staff trained in BA | None | K-SADS, CDRS-R, BDI-II, CGI-S | USA. Urban hospital | Baseline, end of treatment. CDRS-R at 9 weeks also and weekly BDI-II |
| [52] | Case series | 11 (2 female) with depression on the CDRS-R. Age 8–12 | 9 sessions -3 sessions each for child, carer, and both together. Delivered by doctoral clinical psychology student | None | CDRS-RCDI | USA. School setting | Pre-, post-control treatment, post BA, 2 month follow-up |
| [53] | Case series | 5 (1 female) 12–13 year olds with anxiety and depression relating to bullying, diagnosed using ADIS-IV-C, SCARED, CES-D | 14 individual sessions with graduate psychology students | None | ADIS-IV-C to create CSR. SCARED, CES-D | USA. School setting | Baseline and post-treatment (interval not given) |
| [54] | Case study | Female age 15 referred with depression symptoms | 9 individual sessions with clinical psychologist (1 review) | None | RCADS, RCADS-P (parent version) | UK. Mental health clinic | Session by session and 1 month follow-up |
| [55] | Case study | Female age 16 referred with depression symptoms | 9 individual sessions with clinical psychologist (1 review) | None | RCADS, RCADS-P (parent version) | UK. Mental health clinic | Session by session and follow-up at 6 weeks |
| [56] | Case study | Female age 16 with depression symptoms | 8 individual sessions with psychology assistant without specialist clinical training | None | RCADS, RCADS-P (parent version) | UK. Mental health clinic | Session by session and 1 month follow-up |
| [57] | Pre/post | 6 young people (3 female) with major depression (K-SADS, CDRS-R). Age 14–17 | Maximum 22 individual sessions. Delivered by 2 doctoral level faculty members and one senior-level graduate student | None | K-SADS, CDRS-R, BDI-II | USA. Clinic setting | First session and post-treatment. BDI also weekly |
| [58] | Pre–post | 28 (19 female) 14–17 year olds with diagnosis major depressive disorder (K-SADS, CDRS-R). Ethnically diverse sample | Maximum 22 individual sessions. Delivered by 3 doctoral level psychologists, two advanced graduate students | None | CDRS-R, BDI-II, CBCL and CGI-S | USA. Clinic setting | Baseline, mid-point, end of treatment, 3-month follow-up, 6 month follow-up |
| [59] | Pre–post | 20 (18 female) 14–17 year olds referred to outpatient clinic for depression treatment, 10 with co-morbid anxiety diagnosis | 6–8 1 hour weekly one-to-one sessions, with a further review sessions. Parents invited to 3 sessions. Delivered by Psychology assistants and Clinical Psychologist. Trained in BATD by Lejeuz | None | RCADS, RCADS-P (parent version) | UK. Mental health clinic | Session by session and 1 month follow-up |
| [60] | RCT | 35 (25 female) 12–14 year olds with current clinical or sub-clinical difficulties with depression or anxiety. Ethnically diverse sample (13 Hispanic, 15 African–American, 5 White non-Hispanic, 2 multiple) with broad range of family incomes | n = 21. 10 group sessions, two individual sessions. Each group delivered by two therapists from one clinical psychologist, four psychology graduate students, two school counsellors | Wait-list control, n = 14 | ADIS-IV, CDRS-R, CGI-S, SCARED, CES-D | USA. School setting | Pre, post, 4 month follow-up |
| [61] | RCT | 60 (38 female) 12–18 year olds with depression diagnosis based on CDRS-R | n = 35. 14 individual sessions with either psychology post-doctoral fellows or social worker | Evidence-based intervention, n = 25 | CDRS-R, CGI-S, SMFQ | USA. Metropolitan area. Recruited via primary care and mental health | Pre-, end of treatment, 6 month follow-up, 12 month follow-up |
| [62] and [64] and [65] | RCT | 118 (45 female) first year university students aged 18–19 with sub-clinical depression —BDI-II score at least 10 and CIDI interview confirm sub-clinical level | n = 62. 5 individual sessions with doctoral research fellow with CBT experience | Control—inactive, no therapy or contact, n = 56 | BDI-II, Japanese version | Japan. University (first year students) | Pre–post |
| [63] | RCT | 185 (107 female) youths aged 8–16 meeting criteria for at least one of depression, separation anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, major/minor depression or dysthymic disorder using CGI-S | n = 95. 8–12 individual sessions with master’s level therapist | Assisted referral to care, n = 90 | CGI | USA. Pediatric clinic | Baseline, post intervention at week 16 |
BDI beck depression inventory [66], BDI-II beck depression inventory-II [67], with the Japanese version [68], DISC diagnostic interview schedule for children [69], ADIS-IV-C anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV—Child Interview, used to create CSR—Clinical Severity Rating [70], MASC-C/P multidimensional anxiety scale for children—child and parent scale [71], CES-D-C/P centre for epidemiologic studies depression scale for children—child/parent reports [72], CDRS-R children’s depression rating scale—revised [73], SMFQ short moods and feelings questionnaire [74], K-SADS kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia [75], CGI-I/S clinical global impressions scale—impairment/severity [76], SCARED screen for childhood anxiety related emotional disorders [77], RCADS revised child anxiety and depression scale, including RCADS-P as parent version [78], CBCL child behavior checklist for ages 6–18 [79]