Table 3.
Hierarchical regression of (age, sex, medication) religious beliefs and practice-related variables of prayer and meditation on psychological adjustment.
| Sex |
Sex |
Medication |
Beliefs |
Prayer |
FA |
OM |
CM |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length of sessions | R2 | ΔR2 | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | |
| PHI | Step 1 | 0.05* | 0.11 | 1.55 | 0.13 | 1.76 | -0.14 | -1.97 | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.14*** | 0.09** | 0.13 | 1.90 | 0.12 | 1.70 | -0.14 | -2.00* | 0.08 | 1.09 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.25 | 3.53** | -0.12 | -1.77 | 0.09 | 1.22 | |
| PANAS-Positive | Step 1 | 0.05* | 0.16 | 2.30* | 0.08 | 1.08 | -0.12 | -1.72 | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.14*** | 0.09** | 0.19 | 2.74** | 0.07 | 1.00 | -0.11 | -1.66 | 0.10 | 1.44 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 2.48* | -0.10 | -1.42 | 0.18 | 2.58* | |
| RDQ | Step 1 | 0.18*** | -0.36 | -5.36*** | -0.06 | -0.91 | 0.20 | 3.07** | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.25*** | 0.07** | -0.37 | -5.66*** | -0.06 | -0.90 | 0.21 | 3.23** | 0.01 | 0.06 | -0.03 | -0.46 | -0.27 | -4.07*** | 0.02 | 0.34 | -0.01 | -0.16 | |
| PANAS-Negative | Step 1 | 0.06** | -0.19 | -2.71** | -0.02 | -0.29 | 0.14 | 1.92 | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.14** | 0.08** | -0.19 | -2.76** | -0.01 | -0.14 | 0.15 | 2.19* | -0.06 | -0.88 | -0.03 | -0.38 | -0.27 | -3.74*** | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 1.44 | |
| EOPS | Step 1 | 0.09** | -0.21 | -3.01** | -0.04 | -0.60 | 0.20 | 2.85** | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.16** | 0.07* | -0.24 | -3.42** | -0.04 | -0.53 | 0.20 | 2.92** | -0.08 | -1.08 | 0.07 | 0.91 | -0.23 | -3.24** | -0.01 | -0.12 | -0.04 | -0.56 | |
| Practice frequency | |||||||||||||||||||
| PHI | Step 1 | 0.05* | 0.12 | 1.72 | 0.14 | 2.05* | -0.14 | -2.09* | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.11** | 0.06* | 0.10 | 1.44 | 0.12 | 1.72 | -0.15 | -2.20* | 0.10 | 1.33 | 0.09 | 1.25 | 0.06 | 0.71 | -0.02 | -0.24 | 0.16 | 2.06* | |
| PANAS-Positive | Step 1 | 0.04* | 0.15 | 2.13* | 0.07 | 1.05 | -0.12 | -1.75 | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 1.89 | 0.06 | 0.82 | -0.13 | -1.84 | 0.12 | 1.65 | 0.04 | 0.48 | -0.07 | -0.84 | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.09 | 1.22 | |
| RDQ | Step 1 | 0.17*** | -0.35 | -5.28*** | -0.06 | -0.92 | 0.20 | 3.12** | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.21*** | 0.04 | -0.35 | -5.23*** | -0.06 | -0.84 | 0.20 | 3.00** | <0.01 | 0.02 | -0.09 | -1.23 | -0.14 | -1.87 | -0.04 | -0.47 | -0.01 | -0.07 | |
| PANAS-Negative | Step 1 | 0.06* | -0.20 | -2.91** | -0.03 | -0.49 | 0.14 | 2.03* | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.10* | 0.04 | -0.20 | -2.86** | -0.02 | -0.35 | 0.14 | 1.96 | -0.05 | -0.71 | -0.10 | -1.31 | -0.14 | -1.83 | -0.03 | -0.31 | 0.06 | 0.79 | |
| EOPS | Step 1 | 0.09** | -0.21 | -3.07** | -0.03 | -0.43 | 0.19 | 2.74** | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.10** | 0.02 | -0.21 | -2.96** | -0.03 | -0.39 | 0.18 | 2.67** | -0.04 | -0.52 | -0.07 | -1.00 | -0.02 | -0.19 | -0.07 | -0.89 | 0.04 | 0.57 | |
| Lifetime practice | |||||||||||||||||||
| PHI | Step 1 | 0.05* | 0.11 | 1.52 | 0.14 | 1.90 | -0.14 | -1.98 | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.13** | 0.08** | 0.07 | 1.01 | 0.14 | 1.95 | -0.16 | -2.26* | 0.08 | 1.05 | -0.01 | -0.07 | 0.21 | 2.19* | 0.11 | 1.10 | -0.05 | -0.53 | |
| PANAS-Positive | Step 1 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 1.95 | 0.06 | 0.81 | -0.10 | -1.37 | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.11** | 0.08** | 0.14 | 1.88 | 0.08 | 1.05 | -0.11 | -1.62 | 0.12 | 1.67 | -0.13 | -1.67 | 0.18 | 1.88 | 0.10 | 1.03 | -0.01 | -0.15 | |
| RDQ | Step 1 | 0.16*** | -0.34 | -5.10*** | -0.05 | -0.73 | 0.19 | 2.86** | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.20*** | 0.04 | -0.34 | -4.90*** | -0.06 | -0.85 | 0.21 | 3.11** | -0.03 | -0.40 | 0.08 | 1.06 | -0.19 | -2.12* | -0.03 | -0.34 | 0.07 | 0.79 | |
| PANAS-Negative | Step 1 | 0.06* | -0.20 | -2.78** | -0.02 | -0.29 | 0.12 | 1.77 | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.10* | 0.04 | -0.19 | -2.54* | -0.02 | -0.25 | 0.15 | 2.06* | -0.09 | -1.17 | 0.04 | 0.54 | -0.20 | -2.06* | -0.03 | -0.35 | 0.08 | 0.93 | |
| EOPS | Step 1 | 0.07** | -0.20 | -2.85** | -0.01 | -0.19 | 0.17 | 2.46* | |||||||||||
| Step 2 | 0.13** | 0.06* | -0.19 | -2.66** | -0.03 | -0.46 | 0.18 | 2.61* | -0.05 | -0.67 | 0.07 | 0.87 | -0.13 | -1.37 | -0.19 | -2.00* | 0.12 | 1.41 | |
Medication, psychotropic medication use (no vs. yes); Beliefs, belief status (believer vs. non-believer); Prayer, practice of prayer. FA, practice of focused attention. OM, practice of open monitoring. CM, practice of compassion meditation. Step 1: age and sex as independent variables. Step 2: age, sex, beliefs, and length of sessions (minutes) or practice frequency (times per week) or lifetime practice (hours) of prayer, FA, OM, and CO., as independent variables. PHI, Pemberton Happiness Index. PANAS-Positive, positive affect. RDQ, Remission from Depression Questionnaire. PANAS-Negative, negative affect. EOPS, Emotional Overproduction Scale. R2, determination coefficient. ΔR2, increment of R2. β, standardized slope. t, t-test. ∗p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ∗∗∗p < 0.001.