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. 2019 Mar 27;10:630. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00630

Table 3.

Hierarchical regression of (age, sex, medication) religious beliefs and practice-related variables of prayer and meditation on psychological adjustment.

Sex
Sex
Medication
Beliefs
Prayer
FA
OM
CM
Length of sessions R2 ΔR2 β t β t β t β t β t β t β t β t
PHI Step 1 0.05* 0.11 1.55 0.13 1.76 -0.14 -1.97
Step 2 0.14*** 0.09** 0.13 1.90 0.12 1.70 -0.14 -2.00* 0.08 1.09 0.03 0.47 0.25 3.53** -0.12 -1.77 0.09 1.22
PANAS-Positive Step 1 0.05* 0.16 2.30* 0.08 1.08 -0.12 -1.72
Step 2 0.14*** 0.09** 0.19 2.74** 0.07 1.00 -0.11 -1.66 0.10 1.44 0.02 0.30 0.18 2.48* -0.10 -1.42 0.18 2.58*
RDQ Step 1 0.18*** -0.36 -5.36*** -0.06 -0.91 0.20 3.07**
Step 2 0.25*** 0.07** -0.37 -5.66*** -0.06 -0.90 0.21 3.23** 0.01 0.06 -0.03 -0.46 -0.27 -4.07*** 0.02 0.34 -0.01 -0.16
PANAS-Negative Step 1 0.06** -0.19 -2.71** -0.02 -0.29 0.14 1.92
Step 2 0.14** 0.08** -0.19 -2.76** -0.01 -0.14 0.15 2.19* -0.06 -0.88 -0.03 -0.38 -0.27 -3.74*** 0.01 0.12 0.10 1.44
EOPS Step 1 0.09** -0.21 -3.01** -0.04 -0.60 0.20 2.85**
Step 2 0.16** 0.07* -0.24 -3.42** -0.04 -0.53 0.20 2.92** -0.08 -1.08 0.07 0.91 -0.23 -3.24** -0.01 -0.12 -0.04 -0.56
Practice frequency
PHI Step 1 0.05* 0.12 1.72 0.14 2.05* -0.14 -2.09*
Step 2 0.11** 0.06* 0.10 1.44 0.12 1.72 -0.15 -2.20* 0.10 1.33 0.09 1.25 0.06 0.71 -0.02 -0.24 0.16 2.06*
PANAS-Positive Step 1 0.04* 0.15 2.13* 0.07 1.05 -0.12 -1.75
Step 2 0.07 0.03 0.13 1.89 0.06 0.82 -0.13 -1.84 0.12 1.65 0.04 0.48 -0.07 -0.84 0.03 0.39 0.09 1.22
RDQ Step 1 0.17*** -0.35 -5.28*** -0.06 -0.92 0.20 3.12**
Step 2 0.21*** 0.04 -0.35 -5.23*** -0.06 -0.84 0.20 3.00** <0.01 0.02 -0.09 -1.23 -0.14 -1.87 -0.04 -0.47 -0.01 -0.07
PANAS-Negative Step 1 0.06* -0.20 -2.91** -0.03 -0.49 0.14 2.03*
Step 2 0.10* 0.04 -0.20 -2.86** -0.02 -0.35 0.14 1.96 -0.05 -0.71 -0.10 -1.31 -0.14 -1.83 -0.03 -0.31 0.06 0.79
EOPS Step 1 0.09** -0.21 -3.07** -0.03 -0.43 0.19 2.74**
Step 2 0.10** 0.02 -0.21 -2.96** -0.03 -0.39 0.18 2.67** -0.04 -0.52 -0.07 -1.00 -0.02 -0.19 -0.07 -0.89 0.04 0.57
Lifetime practice
PHI Step 1 0.05* 0.11 1.52 0.14 1.90 -0.14 -1.98
Step 2 0.13** 0.08** 0.07 1.01 0.14 1.95 -0.16 -2.26* 0.08 1.05 -0.01 -0.07 0.21 2.19* 0.11 1.10 -0.05 -0.53
PANAS-Positive Step 1 0.03 0.14 1.95 0.06 0.81 -0.10 -1.37
Step 2 0.11** 0.08** 0.14 1.88 0.08 1.05 -0.11 -1.62 0.12 1.67 -0.13 -1.67 0.18 1.88 0.10 1.03 -0.01 -0.15
RDQ Step 1 0.16*** -0.34 -5.10*** -0.05 -0.73 0.19 2.86**
Step 2 0.20*** 0.04 -0.34 -4.90*** -0.06 -0.85 0.21 3.11** -0.03 -0.40 0.08 1.06 -0.19 -2.12* -0.03 -0.34 0.07 0.79
PANAS-Negative Step 1 0.06* -0.20 -2.78** -0.02 -0.29 0.12 1.77
Step 2 0.10* 0.04 -0.19 -2.54* -0.02 -0.25 0.15 2.06* -0.09 -1.17 0.04 0.54 -0.20 -2.06* -0.03 -0.35 0.08 0.93
EOPS Step 1 0.07** -0.20 -2.85** -0.01 -0.19 0.17 2.46*
Step 2 0.13** 0.06* -0.19 -2.66** -0.03 -0.46 0.18 2.61* -0.05 -0.67 0.07 0.87 -0.13 -1.37 -0.19 -2.00* 0.12 1.41

Medication, psychotropic medication use (no vs. yes); Beliefs, belief status (believer vs. non-believer); Prayer, practice of prayer. FA, practice of focused attention. OM, practice of open monitoring. CM, practice of compassion meditation. Step 1: age and sex as independent variables. Step 2: age, sex, beliefs, and length of sessions (minutes) or practice frequency (times per week) or lifetime practice (hours) of prayer, FA, OM, and CO., as independent variables. PHI, Pemberton Happiness Index. PANAS-Positive, positive affect. RDQ, Remission from Depression Questionnaire. PANAS-Negative, negative affect. EOPS, Emotional Overproduction Scale. R2, determination coefficient. ΔR2, increment of R2. β, standardized slope. t, t-test. p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ∗∗∗p < 0.001.