Table 2.
Regulation of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in Schwann cells in neuropathic pain.
| Mediator | Classification | Change after nerve injury | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α | Proinflammatory cytokine | ↑ | Scholz and Woolf (2007) and Sacerdote et al. (2008) |
| IL-1 | Proinflammatory cytokine | ↑ | Martucci et al. (2008) |
| IL-6 | Proinflammatory cytokine | ↑ | Martucci et al. (2008) |
| IL-10 | Anti-inflammatory cytokine | ↓ | Franchi et al. (2012) and Wang et al. (2012) |
| Epo | Anti-inflammatory cytokine | ↑ | Keswani et al. (2004) and Campana et al. (2006b) |
| COX2 | Chemokine | ↑ | Takahashi et al. (2004) |
| MCP-1 | Chemokine | ↑ | Toews et al. (1998) and De Logu et al. (2017) |
| BDNF | Growth factor | ↑ | Yajima et al. (2005) and Su et al. (2019) |
| ATP | Messenger molecule | ↑ | Martucci et al. (2008) |
TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, Interleukin related cytokine; Epo, Erythropoietin; COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2; MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; BDNF, Brain derived neurotrophic factor; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate. Symbols:↑denotes upregulation or activation; ↓denotes downregulation or inactivation.