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. 2019 Mar 27;9:71. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00071

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Nitric oxide production in sand flies abrogated for the LlTGF-β signaling pathway. (A) iNOS gene expression of LlTGF-β silenced insects, (B) fed with blood containing TGF-β receptor inhibitor, both (A,B) infected by L. i. chagasi. Samples were collected at 24, 72, and 144 h post infection. Dotted line indicates gene expression of control group, β-gal dsRNA injected or blood containing DMSO fed flies. Bars represent mean with standard error of fold change in gene expression relative to control groups of three independent experiments. Significant differences were evaluated by t-test and Mann-Whitney post-test. (C) NO measurement in LlTGF-β silenced sand flies fed on blood. (D) Nitrite measurement in flies fed on blood containing TGF-β receptor inhibitor. Bars represent mean with standard error of nitrite measurements in test and control groups of 3 independent experiments. Significant differences were evaluated by t-test and Mann-Whitney post-test (*p < 0.05).