Table 2.
Outcomes by Discrimination Severity.
| Variable | Tertiles of Harassment-Discrimination Severity | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Medium | High | ||
| n=603 | n=578 | n=592 | ||
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||
| Age (years; M ± SD) | 40.3 ± 9.2 | 40.4 ± 8.9 | 39.8 ± 8.9 | 0.452 |
| Race (% White, Non-Hispanic) | 86.3 | 88.7 | 86.6 | 0.420 |
| Marital Status (% Married, domestic partnership, or civil union) | 56.0 | 58.7 | 51.8 | 0.059 |
| Sexual Orientation (% Heterosexual) | 79.8 | 81.3 | 77.1 | 0.204 |
| Education (% At least some college or higher) | 95.0 | 97.2 | 96.7 | 0.117 |
| Income (% $50,000 or more) | 91.1 | 91.5 | 88.4 | 0.146 |
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| Occupational Characteristics | ||||
| Years in the Fire Service (years; M ± SD) | 13.4 ± 8.1 | 13.7 ± 8.0 | 13.7 ± 7.6 | 0.783 |
| Rank (% Any firefighter rank) | 71.5 | 67.6 | 69.8 | 0.452 |
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| (1) Physical Health | ||||
| Obesity (% BMI≥30 kg/m2) | 13.5 | 14.5 | 12.6 | 0.653 |
| Number of Poor Physical Health Days (M ± SD)¥ | 2.8 ± 6.7 | 2.9 ± 6.7 | 4.0 ± 7.3 | <0.001 |
| Injuries Reported in Last Year (% 1 or more)∗ | 36.8 | 44.1 | 56.3 | <0.001 |
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| (2) Mental Health | ||||
| Current Depression (CESD-10 Depression Cutoff; % ≥4)∗ | 15.1 | 23.6 | 43.3 | <0.001 |
| Current Anxiety Symptoms (MHI Anxiety Score Total; M ± SD)∗∗ | 16.4 ± 6.5 | 17.7 ± 5.9 | 21.1 ± 7.6 | <0.001 |
| Current PTSD Symptoms (TSQ Cutoff; %≥6)∗ | 6.9 | 8.5 | 16.5 | <0.001 |
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| (3) Health Behaviors (Substance Use, Physical Activity) | ||||
| CAGE Cutoff (%≥2)∗ | 13.4 | 18.6 | 19.2 | 0.027 |
| Binge Drinker (% yes) | 45.5 | 52.9 | 47.4 | 0.056 |
| Drove While Intoxicated (% yes)∗ | 2.2 | 5.7 | 4.4 | 0.014 |
| Smoke Cigarettes (% current) | 4.0 | 5.9 | 4.8 | 0.120 |
| Smokeless Tobacco Use (% current) | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.846 |
| Physical Activity Level (SRPA; M ± SD) | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 0.787 |
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| (4) Job Outcomes (Efficacy/Stress/Satisfaction) | ||||
| FFSE Score Total (M ± SD)∗∗ | 118.8 ± 14.3 | 115.4 ± 12.3 | 113.8 ± 13.0 | <0.001 |
| How Much Stress at Work (% a lot)∗ | 16.7 | 23.4 | 40.3 | <0.001 |
| Stress Interferes With Work (% a lot)∗ | 1.0 | 1.7 | 6.4 | <0.001 |
| Optimistic about future success in fire department (% agree/strongly agree)∗ | 82.1 | 71.4 | 51.5 | <0.001 |
| Satisfied with job in fire department (% agree/strongly agree)∗ | 89.2 | 80.0 | 59.9 | <0.001 |
| Happy with choice to be a firefighter (% agree/strongly agree)∗ | 93.4 | 90.1 | 84.3 | <0.001 |
| Would recommend being a firefighter to other women (% agree/strongly agree)∗ | 82.6 | 72.9 | 59.7 | <0.001 |
| Happy to spend the rest of career with fire department (% agree/strongly agree)∗ | 88.7 | 77.3 | 59.3 | <0.001 |
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| (5) Family Well-Being | ||||
| Role as a Firefighter Places Stress on Family (% agree/strongly agree)∗ | 24.0 | 32.3 | 55.1 | <0.001 |
Note: ∗Dichotomous outcomes were modeled using logistic regression. ∗∗The MHI-A, FFSE, and SRPA were modeled using nonparametric overall and post-hoc tests. ¥Number of poor physical health days in the last 30 was modeled with Poisson regression.