Table 3.

Barriers to the adoption of telemedicine to manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Barriers	Articles	Occurrence (N=57), n (%)
Reduced patient outcomes or no improvement	[16-18,20,28,31,38-42]	11 (19)
Low-quality or limited data	[8,16-18,22-25,28]	9 (16)
Increased workload for providers	[20,19,24,30,32,35,37]	7 (12)
Cost	[29-31,34,39]	5 (9)
Heterogeneity of care	[6,8,21,34,42]	5 (9)
Lack of service standardization	[18,21,22,24,28]	5 (9)
Exacerbations are highly variable	[9,16,18,34]	4 (7)
Uncomfortable with technology	[22,31,33]	3 (5)
Less patient autonomy	[9,20,21]	3 (5)
Time-consuming	[22,24]	2 (4)
Staff shortages or overworked staff	[8]	1 (2)
User perception or perceived lack of usefulness	[23]	1 (2)
User or patient resistance	[24]	1 (2)