Figure 1. eCDNs trigger innate immune responses.

• A
  qRT–PCR detection of the fold induction of IFNB1 mRNA relative to unstimulated condition in different cell types. Cells were stimulated with ecGAMP (5 μg/ml) for 4 h.
• B
  qRT–PCR detection of Ifnb1 mRNA abundance in mBMDMs treated with different eCDNs (5 μg/ml) for 4 h.
• C, D
  ELISA detection of IFNβ release by mBMDMs treated for 4 h or 24 h with extracellular 2′3′‐cGAMP (C) or c‐di‐AMP (D) at indicated concentrations.
• E
  qRT–PCR detection of IFNB1 mRNA in THP‐1 cells stimulated with indicated eCDNs (5 μg/ml) for 4 h.
• F
  ELISA detection of IFNβ in supernatants of THP‐1 cells stimulated with indicated eCDNs at indicated concentrations for 4 h.
• G
  qRT–PCR detection of the fold induction of IFNB1 mRNA relative to unstimulated condition in human CD14⁺ monocytes derived from PBMC stimulated with indicated eCDNs (5 μg/ml) for 4 and 8 h. Each symbol represents one individual donor.
• H
  ELISA detection of IFNβ in supernatants of human CD14⁺ monocytes derived from PBMC stimulated with indicated eCDNs (5 μg/ml) for 4 h. Each symbol represents result from one individual donor.

Data information: Data in (A–F) are means + SD averaged from at least two independent experiments performed with technical triplicates, and each symbol represents the mean of technical triplicates. Data in (G and H) are means + SD averaged from 10 healthy donors. One‐way ANOVA (B, E) and two‐way ANOVA (C, D, F) were used for statistical analysis, respectively. ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.