Lung cancer cells PC‐9, prostate cancer cells 22RV1, bladder cancer cells UMUC3, breast cancer cells MCF‐7, colonic adenoma‐derived non‐cancerous cells AA/C1 (aka C1) and AA/C1/SB (aka SB), or cancerous cells AA/C1/SB/10C (aka 10C) were incubated with wild‐type F. nucleatum 12230 (Fn), the fadA‐deletion mutant US1 (US1), or E. coli DH5α (E. coli) at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1,000:1. Cell numbers are mean values ± SEM. The experiment was performed in triplicates and repeated three times. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared to untreated controls; #
P < 0.05, ###
P < 0.001, compared to US1‐treated cells (two‐way ANOVA).