Table 2.
Vitamin D status (severe deficiency/moderate deficiency) and mean 25(OH)D levels stratified by characteristics including significance values for bivariate analyses
| Characteristics | Severe deficiency (< 20 ng/mL) | Moderate deficiency (21–30 ng/mL) | p | Mean 25(OH)D levels (SD) | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 38% | 29% | 24.1 (10.7) | ||
| Race | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||
| Black | 52% | 29% | 20.7 (9.9) | ||
| White | 23% | 29% | 27.9 (10.4) | ||
| Season | 0.048 | 0.019 | |||
| Spring | 42% | 32% | 22.0 (10.8)* | ||
| Summer | 44% | 26% | 23.1 (10.8)* | ||
| Autumn | 16% | 33% | 28.8 (9.7)* | ||
| Winter | 43% | 36% | 23.0 (11.7) | ||
| Fatty fish consumption | 0.272 | 0.605 | |||
| 0 oz/week | 26% | 32% | 26.8 (10.3) | ||
| 0–3.5 oz/week | 44% | 26% | 22.9 (11.0) | ||
| > 3.5 oz/week | 39% | 32% | 23.5 (10.3) | ||
| Pregnant | 0.005 | 0.016 | |||
| Yes White Black |
26 10% 38% |
35 36% 33% |
25.9 (11.3) 30.5(10.6)b 22.1 (10.6)b |
||
| No White Black |
49 33% 64% |
24 22% 25% |
22.6(10.0) 25.8(9.9)b 19.5(9.2)b |
||
| Age | 0.056 | 0.014 | |||
| 18–25 | 27% | 29% | 27.0 (11.6) * | ||
| > 25–30 | 37% | 26% | 24.1 (10.5) | ||
| > 30–35 | 49% | 34% | 20.8 (8.6) * | ||
| > 35 | 52% | 30% | 20.8 (9.5) | ||
| BMI | – | 0.754 | |||
| < 18.5 | – | – | 29.1 (10.0) | ||
| 18.5–24.99 | – | – | 24.8 (11.7) | ||
| 25.29.99 | – | – | 22.8 (10.5) | ||
| > 30 | – | – | 23.9 (10.5) | ||
| Income | 0.579 | 0.894 | |||
| < $ 10,000 | 38% | 33% | 23.7 (10.1) | ||
| >$ 10,000 - $ 30,000 | 45% | 29% | 23.3 (11.7) | ||
| > $ 30,000 | 38% | 21% | 24.4 (11.1) | ||
| WIC | 0.282 | 0.120 | |||
| yes | 35% | 31% | 24.8 (10.4) | ||
| no | 47% | 26% | 22.8 (11.3) | ||
| Education level | 0.787 | 0.946 | |||
| High school or less | 37% | 29% | 24.2 (10.7) | ||
| Some college/Associate’s degree | 42% | 26% | 23.9 (11.0) | ||
| College graduate or higher | 33% | 44% | 25.0 (10.1) | ||
| Alcohol use (drinks/week)- | 0.146 | ||||
| 14 or more | – | – | 22.5 (12.7) | ||
| 7 to 13 | – | – | 26.2(6.8) | ||
| 4 to 6 | – | – | 22.6 (8.2) | ||
| 1 to 3 | – | – | 20.2 (10.9) | ||
| Less than 1 | – | – | 27.5 (11.0) | ||
| I didn’t drink then | – | – | 23.9 (10.9) | ||
| Smoking level | 0.795 | 0.445 | |||
| nonsmoker | 42% | 28% | 23.2 (10.7) | ||
| former | 31% | 38% | 24.8 (11.3) | ||
| 1–10 cigs/day | 31% | 28% | 26.3 (10.7) | ||
| > = 11 cigs/day | 38% | 38% | 23.0 (10.9) | ||
| Cotinine | 0.013 | 0.005 | |||
| High (> 12.9 ng/mL) | 16% | 24% | 29.9 (10.7) | ||
| Low (< 12.9 ng/mL) | 42% | 31% | 21.8 (11.0) | ||
| Cadmium (median) | 0.281 | 0.482 | |||
| High (> 0.47 μg/L) | 40% | 33% | 23.1 (9.8) | ||
| Low (< 0.47μg/L) | 41% | 24% | 24.2 (11.3) | ||
| Lead (median) | 0.257 | 0.211 | |||
| High (> 0.48 μg/dL) | 46% | 28% | 22.6 (10.5) | ||
| Low (< 0.48 μg/dL) | 35% | 29% | 24.7 (10.5) | ||
| Mercury | 0.168 | 0.446 | |||
| High (> 5.8 μg/L) | 24% | 47% | 25.5 (10.1) | ||
| Low (< 5.8 μg/L) | 42% | 27% | 23.5 (10.6) | ||
| Proximity to coast | 0.488 | 0.875 | |||
| Zip code proximal to coast | 43% | 20% | 23.8 (9.9) | ||
| Further from coast | 37% | 31% | 24.1 (11.1) | ||
P values determined by chi-square tests. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05, bold type indicates significance
pa values determined by Independent-Samples T test or one-way ANOVA; significance at p < 0.05; bold type indicates significance
*significantly different using Tukey’s test
bsignificantly different using Independent-Samples T test
- due to small n in cells, chi-square test assumptions were not met and could not be performed