Table 3.

Behavior change wheel domains identified in intervention studies (n = 44)

Authors, publication year	Illness presentation	Identified BCW domains							Direction of Effect
		Education	Incentivization	Training	Enablement	Modeling	Environmental restructuring	Restriction
Baker et al. 2009 [64]	Fever	✓							+
Bloch and Bloch 2013 [67]	Asthma, fever, vomiting, or diarrhea	✓							+
Boychuk et al. 2006 [70]	Asthma	✓							+
Brooks et al. 2017 [90]	Concussion	✓							+
Chande et al. 1996 [69]	Minor illnesses	✓							–
Cheng et al. 2002 [27]	Asthma	✓							+
Considine and Brennan 2007 [78]	Fever	✓							+
Delp and Jones 1996 [60]	Lacerations	✓							+
Hanson et al. 2017 [33]	Pain presentations	✓							+
Hart et al. 2015 [72]	Fever	✓							+
Gaucher et al. 2011 [32]	Various illnesses	✓							+
Isaacman et al. 1992 [74]	Otitis media	✓							+
Ismail et al. 2016 [68]	Fever and closed head injury	✓							+
Kaestli et al. 2015 [59]	Illnesses requiring prescription	✓							+
LeMay et al. 2010 [73]	Various injuries	✓							No change
Macy et al. 2011 [65]	Asthma	✓							+
Patel et al. 2009 [76]	Gastroenteritis	✓							+
Petersen et al. 1999 [77]	Asthma	✓							No change
Stevens et al. 2012 [66]	Pediatric pain	✓							+
Thomas et al. 2017 [51]	Mild traumatic brain injuries	✓							+
Waisman et al. 2005 [54]	Various illnesses	✓							+
Williams et al. 2013 [75]	Asthma	✓							+
Wood et al. 2017 [71]	Gastroenteritis, bronchiolitis, and fever	✓							+
Zorc et al. 2003 [82]	Asthma				✓				+
Hussain-Rizvi et al. 2009 [81]	Asthma					✓			+
Porter et al. 2006 [80]	Asthma						✓		No change
To et al. 2010 [79]	Asthma						✓		+/No change/No change
Cushman et al. 1991 [86]	Bike injury	✓			✓				No change
Jones et al. 1989 [84]	Otitis media	✓			✓				+
Pizarro et al. 1979 [43]	Diarrhea	✓			✓				+
Yin et al. 2008 [63]	Various illnesses	✓			✓				+
Kruesi et al. 1999 [87]	Mental health	✓					✓		+
Phillips 2009 [42]	Asthma	✓					✓		+
Sauer et al. 2012 [49]	Fractures	✓					✓		+
Scarfi et al. 2009 [83]	Asthma	✓					✓		+
Zorc et al. 2009 [85]	Asthma	✓					✓		No change
O’Neill-Murphy et al. 2001 [88]	Fever	✓				✓			+
Komoroski et al. 1996 [93]	Minor, acute infections		✓				✓		+
Ducharme et al. 2011 [61]	Asthma	✓			✓		✓		+
Gorelick et al. 2006 [62]	Asthma	✓			✓		✓		No change
Sockrider et al. 2006 [89]	Asthma	✓			✓		✓		+
Smith et al. 2006 [90]	Asthma		✓	✓	✓				No change
Rotheram-Borus et al. 2000 [91]	Mental health			✓	✓	✓			+
Asarnow et al. 2011 [92]	Mental health	✓		✓			✓	✓	+