Table 1.
Clinical, microbiological and management characteristics of IE by L. garvieae
| Reference | Country | Age | Sex | Associated factors for IE by L. garvieae and comorbidities | Symptoms and duration (days) | Physical examination | Laboratories and Echocardiography (Vegetation size) | Identification | Susceptibility | Therapy and days of treatment | Complications and Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clavero et al. 2017 | Chile | 72 | F | AV fistulas, Diverticulosis, CKD, DM 2 and HTN, colonic polyps | Chills, fever (1) | Fever, systolic murmur, pulmonary crackles | TEE: mitral vegetation (4 mm) Labs: Leucocytosis elevated CRP Colonoscopy: Colonic polyps | LG: Vitek 2¥, MS and 16S rRNA PCR. | MIC: VAN: 2 μg/ml, CTX 0.25 µg/ml PEN: 0.5 µg/ml. Kirby Bauer: Sensitive: ERY, CIP, SXT, AMC Resistant: CLI. Applying the criteria for B-haemolytic streptococci | Empiric: CLO + AMK Directed: VAN + GEN µg (NI) | Shock, respiratory failure (Died) |
| Lim and Jenkins 2017 | UK | 57 | M | Cooked fish, gallstones, renal stones, Colonic polyps | Fever weight loss (60) | Pansystolic murmur | TEE: mitral valve vegetation (NI) and regurgitation. Colonoscopy: Duodenal polyps | LG: MS | PEN MIC: 1 mg/L Etest BioMérieux, S: GEN 200 µg Oxoid by diffusion disc testing. |
AMX + GEN (42d) Valve replacement | No complications, (Alive) |
| Landeloos et al. 2017 | Belgium | 82 | F | Prosthetic mitral valve, previous endocarditis, Cooked fish, colonic polyps, FA, HTN, Osteoporosis. | Fever, hyporexia, dyspnoea (14) | Bradycardia, Basal lung crepitations, reinforce caused S2 | TEE: mitral vegetation (10x5mm) Labs: Elevated CRP no leucocytosis. Colonoscopy: Colonic polyps. | LG: MS, 16S rRNA PCR. | NI | Empiric: CRO Directed: MXF Changed: PEN + GEN Ambulatory: AMX monotherapy (42d) No valve replacement | No complications (Alive) |
| Bazemore et al. 2016 | USA | 45 | M | Multiple substance abuse. Repair of aortic root aneurysm, Hepatitis C and cirrhosis | Malaise, weakness (60) | Fever, systolic murmur | No Echo reported. Leucocytosis, Elevated CRP and ESR. |
LG: MS | E-test: sensitive to CRO and VAN Cut-off values for S. bovis | Empiric: TZP + VAN Directed: CRO + GEN (NI) + Valve repair |
Aortic valve dehiscence (Alive) |
| Suh et al. 2016 | South Korea | 75 | F | Mitral valve prosthesis, eats sea fresh food. | Dyspnoea (3) | Holosystolic murmur | TTE: mitral vegetation (16 mm) Labs: leucocytosis, Elevated CRP | LG: Vitek 2¥, 16S rRNA PCR. | MicroScan MICroSTREP plus panel: PEN 0.12 µg/ml, AMC: 0.5/0.25 µg/ml, CRO 0.25 µg/ml, CTX 0.25 µg/ml, MEM 0.06 µg/ml, VAN 1 µg/ml, LVX 1 µg/ml, CLI > 0.5 mcg/ml (only R to CLI). E test (bioMérieux, Marcy lEtoile, France) PEN 0.75 mg/L, CRO 0.38 mg/L, TEC 0.125 mg/L. Susceptibility CLSI for viridans streptococci. |
Empiric: CRO + GEN + RIF Directed: TEC Changed: CRO monotherapy (40d) Aortic and mitral replacement |
Heart failure (Alive) |
| Heras Cañas et al. 2015 | Spain | 68 | M | Prosthetic aortic valve, HTN, dyslipidaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma in remission, AV block. | Fever, Dyspnoea (10) | NI | TTE: mitral vegetations (NI). Laboratories: Leucocytosis, elevate CRP. |
LG: MS and 16S rRNA PCR | Streptococci breakpoints: S: CTX: 0.38 µg/ml, ERY: 0.25 mg/dl, VAN 1 µg/ml, LVX 1.5 µg/ml, VAN, AMP, CTX, OXA. I: PEN-I MIC 0.75 µg/ml, R: CLI 1 µg/ml. |
Empiric: DAP + AMP + CRO Directed: DAP+AMP + CRO + GEN (NI) + Valve replacement | AKI, Aortic valve dehiscence (Alive) |
| Igneri et al. 2015 | USA | 83 | M | Prosthetic aortic valve, Recent dental intervention, CHF, CLL, Prostate cancer, Coarctation of aorta, CABG | Malaise, fever, vomit, headache, cough, myalgia, diaphoresis (7) | NI | TTE: Could not exclude vegetations, Labs: Leucocytosis, Elevated CRP |
NI | NI | Empiric: AMP + GEN Directed: CTX + GEN (42d) Valve surgery |
No complication, (Alive) |
| Ortiz et al. 2014 | Spain | 70 | F | No risk factors or comorbidities | Dyspnoea (NI) | Holosystolic murmur, fever | TTE: mitral vegetation (NI) Labs: Leucocytosis and elevated CRP | NI | S: CTX, CIP, ERY, DAP, VAN. | Empiric: AMC + GEN Directed: VAN monotherapy (42d) valve surgery |
No complications (Alive) |
| Spain | 77 | F | Colorectal cancer, HTN, CLL | Back pain, fever (2) | Purpuric lesions in extremities, fever | TEE: mitral and aortic vegetation (NI) Labs: NI | NI | S: PEN, AMC, CIP, VAN. | AMP + GEN (NI) No valve surgery |
AKI, Heart failure (Died) | |
| Tsur et al. 2014 | Israel | 76 | M | Raw fish, Prosthetic aortic valve, CHF, AF, DM 2, HTN, Oesophageal carcinoma. | Constipation, fever (NI) | Fever, Tachycardia, Systolic murmur. | TEE: Vegetation biologic prosthetic valve (NI) Labs: Leucocytosis |
Lactococcus: API 32 strep kita, 16S rRNA PCR | S: CRO and GEN. I: PEN R: CLI |
Empiric: CRO Directed: CRO+ GEN (NI) No valve replacement |
No complications (Alive) |
| Rasmussen et al. 2014 | Sweden | 81 | M | Prosthetic aortic valve, rectal diverticulosis, CAD, CABG, AF | Malaise, headache, dysphasia (NI) | Fever, systolic murmur. | TEE: vegetations mitral valve and prosthetic valve (NI) Labs: Elevated CRP |
LG: Vitek 2¥, 16S rRNA PCR | PEN: 0.5 mg/L, TOB: 2 mg/L. | PEN + TOB (28d) No valve replacement |
Subdural hematoma (Alive) |
| Navas et al. 2013 | USA | 64 | M | Previous mitral valve repair, Dental intervention, CAD, Cardiac defibrillator, DM2, COPD | Fatigue, weight loss, hyporexia, weakness, fever (NI) | NI | Echo not specified: Aortic vegetations | LG: Vitek 2¥, 16S rRNA PCR and MS Wrong ID: Microscanb |
Streptococcus breakpoints: I: PEN and AMP R: CLI |
VAN monotherapy (42d) Aortic valve replacement. Removal of pacemaker |
Intracardiac device infection (Alive) |
| Fleming et al. 2012 | USA | 68 | M | Prosthetic aortic valve, NHL in remission. Colonic polyps | Migratory arthralgias, dyspnoea, hyporexia, fatigue, weight loss, fever (21) | Systolic ejection murmur. Splinter haemorrhage in nails of left hand | Echo not specified: Vegetation mitral valve. (NI) Labs: Elevated CRP and ESR Colonoscopy: Colonic polyps |
LG: Vitek 2¥, 16S rRNA PCR | Breakpoints for VGS: S: VAN, SAM, CRO, TZP R: AMP, GEN, CLI. |
Empiric: AMP + GEN Directed: VAN monotherapy (42d) No valve replacement |
No information of complications (Died) |
| Russo et al. 2012 | Italy | 63 | M | Ascending aorta and aortic valve replacement, previous endocarditis, HTN. | Fever, chills, Pharyngodini, weakness. (7) | Systolic murmur, hepatomegaly | TEE: mitral vegetation (NI) Labs: Elevated CRP |
LG: API 32b, Vitek 2¥, 16S rRNA PCR | EUCAST Streptococci breakpoint: S: ERY/S: 0.125 μg/ml, CTX 0.5 μg/ml LVX: 0.5 μg/ml, AMP: 0.25 μg/ml, AMC: 0.5 μg/ml, CIP: 0.75 μg/ml, DAP: 0.125 μg/ml, GEN: 2 μg/ml VAN: 2 μg/ml TEC: 0.5 μg/ml I: PEN: 2 μg/ml R: CLI: > 64 μg/ml, RIF > 64 µg/ml |
Empiric: VAN + GEN Directed: AMP monotherapy (14d) No valve replacement |
No complications (Alive) |
| Watanabe et al. 2011 | Japan | 55 | F | No risk factors or comorbidities | Malaise, myalgia, fever (60) | Systolic murmur, painful black induration in finger. | TEE: Mitral vegetation (10 mm) Labs: No leucocytosis Elevated CRP | LG: Rapid ID32 Strep. a, 16S rRNA | E test: (AB Biodisk, Dalvagen, Solna, Sweden): ERY 0.25 mg/L, CLI: > 256, VAN: 0.38 mg/L, LZD: 2 mg/L, PEN 0.5 mg/L, CRO 0.38 1mg/L, GEN: 1.5 mg/L, STR: 64 mg/L | Empiric: PEN + GEN. Directed: CRO + GEN (63d) No valve surgery | Septic embolism, stroke, aspirative pneumonia (Alive) |
| Zuily et al. 2011 | France | 64 | F | Mitral valve prosthesis, fresh seafood, Pacemaker, Hepatitis C cirrhosis, | Fever (NI) | Fever, Murmur. | TEE: Mitral vegetations (NI) Labs: Elevated CRP and ESR. Leucocytosis | LG: PCR | NI | AMX + GEN (42d) no surgery |
No complications (Alive) |
| Wilbring et al. 2011 | Germany | 55 | M | Fish farmer, mechanical tricuspid valve prosthesis, periodontitis | Chills, fever, dyspnoea (14) | Murmur | TEE: Mechanical prosthetic valve vegetation (7x9mm) Labs: Leucocytosis and elevated CRP |
NI | NI | Inpatient: GEN + VAN + RIF ambulatory: LVX + AMC (56d) No valve replacement |
No complications (Alive) |
| Hirakawa et al. 2011 | Brazil | 58 | F | Mitral prosthetic valve, fish and cheese often. Dental prosthesis and recent gingival perforation. DM 2, HTN, Dyslipidaemia | Fever, chills, diaphoresis, erythematous nodules in hands and legs, myalgia, weakness. (6) | Fever, Osler nodes on left hand and legs. | TEE: No vegetations Labs: Elevated CRP and ESR no leucocytosis. | LG: Not specified biochemical tests. PCR. | S: PEN, GEN, VAN. R CLI |
VAN monotherapy (28d) No valve surgery |
No complications (Alive) |
| Li et al. 2008 | Taiwan | 41 | M | No risk factors or comorbidities | Slurred speech (1) | Right hemiplegia loss of right body sensation, right positive Babinski sign, murmur, fever | TEE: Mitral vegetation and rupture of chordae tendineae (NI) Labs: Leucocytosis and elevated CRP |
LG: Vitek 2¥, Automated Pheonixc, 16S rRNA PCRe | I: PEN: 0.75 µg/ml. | PEN + GEN (30d) Valve replacement |
Septic emboli, stroke, shock (Alive) |
| Yiu et al. 2007 | China | 67 | M | Heart rheumatic disease, previous endocarditis, eats fresh fish, AF | Chills, fever (21) | Fever, mitral regurgitation murmur | TEE: Mitral vegetation (10x1mm) Labs: Elevated ESR Neutrophilia | NI | NI | AMP monotherapy (42d) Valve replacement |
Partial rupture of mitral valve (Alive) |
| Wang et al. 2006 | Taiwan | 72 | M | Kidney stones, mitral valve prolapse. Raw fish consumption, gastric ulcer | Fever, purpuric leg lesions (14) | Systolic murmur. | Echo not specified: Severe mitral regurgitation, prolapse of posterior mitral valve, echogenic mass on the posterior mitral valve Labs: No leucocytosis. Endoscopy: Gastric ulcer | LG: ID32 STREP; BioMérieux, Hazelwood, MO, USA, 16S rRNA PCR | NI | PEN + GEN (42d) | No complications (Alive) |
| Vinh et al. 2006 | Canada | 80 | M | DM2, Hyperlipidaemia, CAD, CHF | Dyspnoea, epigastric discomfort. (NI) | Midsystolic murmur | TEE: Aortic vegetations (24 mm) Labs: NI | Wrong ID: API 20d (L. lactis), Vitek 2¥(Enterococcus), 16S rRNA PCR | CLSI Enterococcus spp. breakpoints: S: PEN, CIP, OFX, LVX, TET, VAN. CLSI Streptococcus spp. breakpoints: S: AMP, VAN, GEN I: PEN R: CLI |
Empiric inpatient: AMP Ambulatory: PEN and then switched to AMP again. Monotherapy (56d) Valve replacement |
No complications (Alive) |
| Fihman et al. 2005 | France | 86 | M | Prosthetic aortic valve, Cholecystectomy. | Fever, right hip pain (21) | Fever, respiratory distress | TEE: Aortic vegetation (10 mm) Labs: Leucocytosis and elevated CRP. | LG: API 32a, 16S rRNA PCR | E test: MIC: PEN: 0.75 μg/ml, AMX: 0.5 μg/ml CTX: 0.38 μg/ml, VAN: 1.5 μg/ml, TEC: 0.38 μg/ml, CLI >8 µg/ml | Inpatient: AMX + GEN Ambulatory: AMX monotherapy (49d) Valve repair |
No complications (Alive) |
| James et al. 2000 | UK | 56 | F | Aortic valve prosthesis | Low back pain, chills, night sweat, weight loss, hyporexia (63) | Low back tenderness, splinter haemorrhages In nails, murmur | TTE: No vegetations Labs: Elevated ESR and CRP. No leucocytosis | LG: API Strep f | With streptococci reference laboratory (Respiratory and systemic reference laboratory London UK). | Empiric: VAN Directed: TEC monotherapy (56d) | Osteomyelitis (Alive) |
| Fefer et al. 1998 | USA | 84 | F | Pacemaker for heart block, Aortic valve prosthesis, omeprazole, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ITP, hypothyroidism. | Hyporexia, weakness, dyspnoea (NI) | Holosystolic murmur, bilateral pulmonary rales | TEE: Ruptured chordae tendineae. Labs: Leucocytosis. Negative colonoscopy. | LG: Biochemical tests. | NCCLS Staphylococcus spp. breakpoints: S: VAN, AMP, CRO |
Empiric: AMP + GEN Directed: CRO monotherapy (NI) | Intracranial haemorrhage, Rupture of chordae tendineae (Died) |
NI No information, AMK amikacin, AMX amoxicillin, AMC amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, AMP ampicillin, CFZ cefazolin, CDN cefditoren, CTX cefotaxime, CRO ceftriaxone, CEF cephalothin, CHL chloramphenicol, CIP ciprofloxacin, CLR clarithromycin, CLI clindamycin, DAP daptomycin, ERY erythromycin, GEN gentamicin, LVX levofloxacin, LZD linezolid, MEM meropenem, MXF moxifloxacin, OFX ofloxacin, PEN penicillin, TZP piperacillin-tazobactam, RIF rifampin, STR streptomycin, TEC teicoplanin, TET tetracycline, TOB tobramycin, SXT trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, VAN vancomycin, MIC Minimal inhibitory concentration, S Sensitive, I Intermediate, R resistant, VGS Viridans Group Streptococci, CKD Chronic kidney disease, AKI Acute kidney injury, DM2 Diabetes mellitus type 2, AF Atrial fibrillation, CHF Cardiac heart failure, NHL Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CLL Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, CAD Coronary artery disease, CABG Coronary artery bypass graft, LG Lactococcus garvieae a Manual API 32 strep kit, automated Vitek 2 kit with GP identification card (BioMérieux Marcy l’etoile, france), b Microscan walk away system (dade behring, inc., Sacramento, CA), c:Automated Phoenix system (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ), d: API 20strep kit (BioMérieux), e: 500 16S ribosomal rRNA bacterial sequencing kit (PE applied Biosystems, Foster city, CA, USA) ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (PE applied biosystems), f: API Strep (BioMérieux, Basngstoke, Hants, UK)