Table 2.
Core Body Temperature, Energy Expenditure, and Urinary Catecholamines Measurements by Dietary Intervention.
| Fasting FST (n=53) |
Energy Balance EBL (n=36) |
High-fat OF FNP (n=25) |
High-carbohydrate OF CNP (n=24) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| avgCBT (°C) | 36.81±0.14 (36.51, 37.10) |
36.86±0.13 (36.56, 37.22) |
36.93±0.10 (36.78, 37.14)a,b |
37.01±0.12 (36.75, 37.23)a,b |
| ΔavgCBT (°C) | N/A | 0.06±0.11 (−0.11, 0.37) |
0.13±0.14b (−0.12, 0.39) |
0.19±0.13b (−0.05, 0.42) |
| Daytime CBT (°C)e | 36.81±0.21 (36.44, 37.41) |
36.88±0.21 (36.49, 37.36) |
36.92±0.17 (36.63, 37.23) |
37.02±0.12a (36.75, 37.23) |
| Night CBT(°C)f | 36.64±0.19 (36.23, 37.26) |
36.55±0.16 (36.16, 36.84) |
36.65±0.14 (36.26, 36.92) |
36.71±0.17a (36.38, 37.07) |
| 24-h EE (kcal/day) | 1895±219 (1469, 2390) |
2059±274 (1573, 2732) |
2148±227a
(1764, 2631) |
2308±329a,b (1728, 2884) |
| SLEEP (kcal/24h) | 1607±192 (1231, 2373) |
1629±210 (1211, 2303) |
1739±166a (1425, 2064) |
1772±237a,b
(1411, 2273) |
| Energy Intake (kcal/24h) | N/A | 2125±287 (1622, 2800) |
3982±465 (3148, 4920) |
3961±538 (3022, 4905) |
| Energy Balance (kcal/day) | −1895±219 (−2390, −1469) |
65±145a (−91, 651) |
1835±166a,b,c (1425, 2064) |
1653±360a,b (331, 2063) |
| DIT (kcal/day) | N/A | 160±93a
(−1.00, 405.00) |
296±119a,b
(65.00, 575.00) |
444±146a,b (195.00, 870.00) |
| TEF (% of Energy Intake) | N/A | 7.3±3.8 (−0.06, 15.73) |
7.40±2.72c (1.54, 11.93) |
11.3±3.6b (6.2, 21.0) |
| RQ (ratio) | 0.79±0.03 (0.74, 0.90) |
0.87±0.03a (0.83, 0.94) |
0.85±0.03a,c (0.80, 0.91) |
0.94±0.03a,b (0.88, 1.00) |
| 24-h SPA (%) | 6.1±3.5 (0.5, 18.3) |
5.6±3.1 (0.6, 16.1) |
6.1±2.7 (0.6, 12.8) |
6.5±3.3 (0.9, 15.5) |
| Ambient temperature (°C) | 24.06±1.17 (20.90, 26.20) |
24.18±1.05 (22.00, 26.19) |
23.94±1.15 (21.40, 26.31) |
24.27±1.30 (22.00, 26.40) |
| Norepinephrine (μg/24h)d | 21.0 (15.4, 28.0) | 25.4 (20.8, 33.8)a | 26.0 (15.6, 34.6) | 21.4 (17.6, 32.4) |
| Normetanephrine (μg/24h)d | 183.4 (142.9, 243.0) | 227.2 (180.2, 340.6)a | 267.0 (199.8, 337.6)a,c | 188.2 (144.4, 270.7) |
| Epinephrine (μg/24h)d | 5.9 (4.0, 9.2) | 4.0 (2.6, 6.0)a | 3.9 (3.0, 5.2)a | 3.3 (3.1, 5.5)a |
| Metanephrine (μg/24h)d | 121.2 (76.2, 177.8) | 129.3 (86.9, 188.1) | 130.8 (86.8, 177.6) | 93.3 (81.6, 174.3) |
| Plasma insulin (mU/L) | −3.3 (−4.2, −2.4)g | 0.7 (−0.7, 2.0) | 0.1 (−1.2, 1.3) | 3.3 (1.3, 5.2)g |
Data presented as mean±SD with minimum and maximum values in parenthesis, except for urinary catecholamines that are presented as median with interquartile range in parenthesis and insulin that is presented as mean with 95% CI in parenthesis.
p < 0.05 versus FST,
p < 0.05 versus EBL,
p < 0.05 versus CNP,
n=29 for FST, n=18 for EBL, n=14 for CNP, n=15 for FNP.
Daytime CBT calculated between 08:00 and 23:00.
Night-time CBT calculated from 23:30 through 05:00, the same time period used to calculate SLEEP.
p < 0.05 versus zero by Student’s t test for parametric data or Wilcoxon test for non-parametric data.
Abbreviations: OF, overfeeding; avgCBT, mean 24-h core body temperature; ΔavgCBT, change in CBT from fasting; 24h EE, 24-hour energy expenditure; SLEEP, sleeping EE; RQ, respiratory quotient; 24h SPA, 24-hours spontaneous physical activity; TEF, thermic effect of food; DIT, diet-induced thermogenesis