Ethylene and ABA antagonistically regulate AsA biosynthesis via EIN3 and ABI4. A, AsA contents in Col-0 treated with ACC, ethylene, ABA, or both ACC and ABA. B, AsA contents in Col-0, eto2, etr1-1, ctr1-1, ein2, ein3 eil1, and EIN3ox. C, AsA contents in Col-0, ein3 eil1, and abi4-102 in response to treatment with ethylene or ABA. D, AsA contents in Landsberg erecta (Ler), abi3-1, Col-0, abi4-102, and abi5-8. E, DAB and NBT staining of ROS in Col-0, ein3 eil1, and abi4-102 seedlings treated with ethylene or ABA. Bar = 0.2 cm. F and G, Measurements of H2O2 (F) and O2− (G) in Col-0, ein3 eil1, and abi4-102 in response to treatment with ethylene or ABA. Seven-day-old seedlings were treated with the indicated conditions for 12 h. Values in A to D, F, and G are means ± sd (n = 3). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05, ANOVA with Tukey’s test). FW, Fresh weight.