crwn1 crwn2 and crwn1 crwn4 mutants exhibit spontaneous defense responses. A, DC3000 growth in rosette leaves of 22-d-old plants. The two double mutants have elevated resistance against DC3000. Log10 values of colony-forming units (cfu) from each mutant were calculated 2 and 4 d after infection (DAI). Error bars indicate sd (n = 4). Each mutant was compared with the wild type (WT) using Student’s t test (**, P < 0.01 and ***, P < 0.001). B, RT-qPCR data showing expression of three PR genes in 27-d-old plants. Transcript levels of the marker genes are significantly higher in the two double mutants, consistent with their DC3000 resistance phenotype. Error bars indicate se (n = 3). Student’s t tests were performed based on delta-Ct values (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; and ***, P < 0.001).