Figure 3.

Effects of loliolide on the infestation of tomato leaves by T. urticae and S. litura and pesticidal activities for herbivores. A and B, Tomato leaves treated with different concentrations of loliolide for 24 h were used for the infestation assay using T. urticae or S. litura. Female T. urticae mites were placed on the leaf surface for 5 d, and the numbers of surviving mites (A) and laid eggs (B) were counted (for A, χ² = 10.16, P > 0.005; for B, P < 0.05). C, Insecticidal activity assay. The numbers of surviving T. urticae mites 48 h after dipping into a solution containing 300 μM loliolide were counted (χ² = 0.26, P > 0.05). D and E, The first-stage larvae of S. litura were placed on the leaf surface for 5 d, and the numbers of surviving larvae (D) and their growth stages (E) were counted (for D, P < 0.01; for E, P < 0.005 for first-instar larvae). F, Insecticidal activity assay. The numbers of surviving S. litura first-stage larvae 9 d after the application of an artificial diet containing 300 μM loliolide or 0.1% methanol (Control) were counted (P > 0.05, n = 100 larvae). Values for (A) and (B) are the mean ± sd (n = 30 mites), values for (C) are the mean of 30 mites, and values for (D) are the mean ± sd (n = 10 replicates). Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments (Ryan’s multiple range test for proportions after a χ² test for A and C; Tukey-Kramer HSD test for B, D, and E; Fisher’s exact probably test for F).