Table 1.
Maternal and child characteristics in the total group of children with foetal 25(OH)D concentration measurementsa, b
| Maternal characteristics | Total group (n = 4750) | Child characteristics | Total group (n = 4750) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 30.4 ± 5.0 | Age (y) | 6.2 ± 0.5 |
| Length (cm) | 168 ± 7.4 | Male (%) | 49.7 (2359) |
| BMI (kg/cm2) | 24.7 ± 4.4 | Birth weight (kg) | 3.4 ± 0.6 |
| Parity (% (n)) | Low birth weight (% (n)) | 5.0 (236) | |
| Nulliparous | 57.4 (2727) | Weight (kg) | 23.2 ± 4.2 |
| Primi‐ or multiparous | 42.6 (1991) | Length (cm) | 119 ± 5.9 |
| Missing | 0.7 (32) | Fever in first year of life (% (n)) | |
| Educational level (% (n)) | Yes | 82.0 (2573) | |
| High | 28.9 (1165) | No | 18.0 (566) |
| Mid‐high | 27.6 (1115) | Missing | 33.9 (1611) |
| Mid‐low | 31.4 (1268) | Ethnicity (% (n)) | |
| Low | 12.1 (488) | Dutch and other Western | 65.0 (3035) |
| Missing | 15.0 (714) | Moroccan and Turkish | 14.0 (653) |
| Household Income/month (% (n)) | African | 14.8 (691) | |
| >3200 euro | 49.8 (1912) | Asian | 6.2 (288) |
| 2000‐3200 euro | 26.1 (1000) | Missing | 1.8 (83) |
| <2000 euro | 24.1 (925) | Watching television (% (n))c | |
| Missing | 19.2 (913) | <2 h/d | 80.5 (2621) |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy (% (n)) | ≥2 h/d | 19.5 (636) | |
| Never | 45.1 (1887) | Missing | 21.8 (910) |
| Alcohol use until pregnancy was known | 14.3 (598) | Playing outside during daytime (% (n))c | |
| Continued | 40.6 (1697) | ≥2 h/d | 23.0 (704) |
| Missing | 12.0 (568) | <2 h/d | 77.0 (2358) |
| Folic acid use during pregnancy (% (n)) | Missing | 26.5 (1105) | |
| Start 1st 10 weeks | 32.2 (1170) | Season of blood withdrawal (% (n)) | |
| Start periconceptional | 43.5 (1580) | Winter | 24.0 (1140) |
| Never | 24.2 (879) | Spring | 28.3 (1343) |
| Missing | 23.6 (1121) | Summer | 22.3 (1060) |
| Fall | 25.4 (1207) | ||
| 25(OH)D Concentration (% (n)) | |||
| Optimal + Sufficient (≥50 nmol/L) | 50.1 (2381) | ||
| Deficient (25‐50 nmol/L) | 26.5 (1258) | ||
| Severely deficient (<25 nmol/L) | 23.4 (1111) | ||
| Evaluable photographs (% (n)) | |||
| HSPM | 90.0 (4278) | ||
| MIH | 37.5 (1780) | ||
| Prevalence HSPM (% (n))d | 8.9 (381) | ||
| Prevalence MIH (% (n))e | 8.2 (146) | ||
a
Values are means ± SDs for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables based on the number of valid cases.
b
For the categorical variables, the percentage of missing data is shown.
c
Based on group of children with childhood 25(OH)D concentration measurements (n = 4167).
d
Based on group of children with evaluable photographs for HSPM (n = 4278).
e
Based on group of children with evaluable photographs for MIH (n = 1780).