Figure 1.

Schematic diagram for the production of a cortical bone-like scaffold. The CaP nucleated microsheets (a) were laminated around a needle to form an osteon-mimetic microtube (b). A set of the microtubes (c) were firmly assembled around a cylindrical rod by placing the bundle inside an elastic rubber sleeve (d) and annealed at 85°C to fuse the microtubes (e). An array of microholes were drilled on the outer surface of the fused microtubes, the rod and needles were removed to generate a cortical scaffold (f); the culture system consisting of a perfusion bioreactor containing the cell-seeded cortical scaffolds (g), a peristaltic pump, and a reservoir for oxygenation of the culture medium (h)