Table 1.
Changes in fentanyl, fentanyl analog, heroin, and non-fentanyl prescription opioid-related deaths in West Virginia, 2005–2017 (n = 8813).
| 2005 – 2014 | 2015 – 2017 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Totalf | 5924 (NA) | 487 (8.2) | 508 (8.6) | 3545 (59.8) | NA | 2889 (NA) | 1082 (37.5) | 290 (10.0) | 857 (29.7) | NA |
| Age (mean, SD) | 41.6 (118) | 39.7 (113) | 36.1 (10.7) | 41.3 (11.4) | 0.0039 | 42.1 (12.3) | 39.2 (112) | 38.2 (112) | 46.4 (11.4) | <0.0001 |
| Male | 3921 (66.2) | 313 (64.3) | 402 (79.1) | 2240 (63.2) | 0.6386 | 1952 (67.6) | 766 (70.8) | 202 (69.7) | 515 (60.1) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (mean, SD) | 28.9 (7.6) | 29.2 (6.9) | 28.4 (6.6) | 29.6 (7.9) | 0.2544 | 28.4 (7.8) | 28.1 (7.0) | 28.9 (7.7) | 29.3 (8.4) | 0.0010 |
| Number of drugs present | ||||||||||
| Single drug | 1320 (22.3) | 48 (9.9) | 97 (19.1) | 366 (10.3) | 664 (23.0) | 140 (12.9) | 59 (20.3) | 74 (8.6) | ||
| 2 drugs | 1539 (26.0) | 126 (25.9) | 164 (32.3) | 967 (27.3) | 833 (28.8) | 309 (28.6) | 123 (42.4) | 235 (27.4) | ||
| 3 drugs | 1354 (22.9) | 138 (28.3) | 129 (25.4) | 941 (26.6) | 0.8711 | 659 (22.8) | 302 (27.9) | 63 (21.7) | 237 (27.7) | 0.0018 |
| 4 drugs | 895 (15.1) | 97 (19.9) | 66 (13.0) | 651 (18.4) | 409 (14.2) | 202 (18.7) | 24 (8.3) | 161 (18.8) | ||
| 5 or more drugs | 816 (13.8) | 78 (16.0) | 52 (10.2) | 620 (17.5) | 324 (112) | 129 (119) | 21 (7.2) | 150 (17.5) | ||
| Number of drugs present by sex (mean, SD) | ||||||||||
| Female | 3.2 (1.7) | 3.3 (1.6) | 3.1 (1.7) | 3.5 (1.7) | 0.2543 | 3.0 (1.6) | 3.1 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.7) | 0.0013 |
| Male | 2.6 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.4) | 0.3451 | 2.5 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.5) | 0.0246 |
| Total | 2.8 (1.6) | 3.2 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.5) | 0.8893 | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.6) | <0.0001 |
| Manner of death | ||||||||||
| Unintentional | 4982 (84.1) | 455 (93.4) | 499 (98.2) | 3141 (88.6) | 2670 (92.4) | 1068 (98.7) | 284 (97.9) | 762 (88.9) | ||
| Suicide | 517 (8.7) | 8 (1.6) | 8 (1.6) | 175 (4.9) | 0.0015 | 118 (4.1) | 8 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 44 (5.1) | <0.0001 |
| Other (Could not be determined, homicide) | 425 (7.2) | 24 (4.9) | 1 (0.2) | 229 (6.5) | 101 (3.5) | 6 (0.6) | 6 (2.1) | 51 (6.0) | ||
| Cause of death by category | ||||||||||
| Overdose | 5292 (89.3) | 480 (98.6) | 506 (99.6) | 3401 (95.9) | 2568 (88.9) | 1072 (99.1) | 284 (97.9) | 787 (91.8) | ||
| Transportati on (occupant, pedestrian, etc.) | 197 (3.3) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 40 (1.1) | 0.0165 | 223 (7.7) | 5 (0.5) | 4 (1.4) | 50 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
| Other injuries (fall, firearm, drowning, etc.) | 435 (7.3) | 5 (1.0) | 1 (0.2) | 104 (2.9) | 98 (3.4) | 5 (0.5) | 2 (0.7) | 20 (2.3) | ||
NA: not applicable.
a
Includes deaths involving any drug or alcohol.
b
2005–2014 included only 1 fentanyl analog identified in 1 death.
c
Any death involving heroin with no fentanyl and/or analogs.
d
Any death involving buprenorphine, codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, diphenoxylate, propoxyphene, meperidine or tramadol; no fentanyl and/or analogs or heroin.
e
Comparison between fentanyl and/or analogs and prescription opioid(s).
f
Total drug-related deaths during time period.