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The Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathway. In response to cell wall stress, cell surface sensors initiate signaling though the SAPK cascade. B. Mechanism of Mpk1 activation by genotoxic stress. A DNA damage signal drives ubiquitination and proteolysis of Msg5, the dual-specificity protein phosphatase that maintains Mpk1 in a low-activity state. This shifts the equilibrium to phosphorylated (active) Mpk1 and relies on basal phosphorylation of Mpk1 by the redundant MEKs, Mkk1 and Mkk2.
