Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents and households
| Characteristic | Baseline survey | End line survey | PR (95% CI)* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of households surveyed | 1,204 | 1,170 | |
| Age (years) | |||
| < 20 | 9.9% (116/1,173) | 9.1% (103/1,134) | 0.92 (0.71–1.18) |
| 20–35 | 71.6% (840/1,173) | 67.9% (770/1,134) | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) |
| > 35 | 18.5% (217/1,173) | 23.0% (261/1,134) | 1.24 (1.06–1.46) |
| Highest level of education | |||
| No education | 10.2% (123/1,204) | 10.8% (126/1,170) | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) |
| Primary | 67.4% (812/1,204) | 65.8% (770/1,170) | 0.98 (0.92–1.03) |
| Secondary | 21.8% (263/1,204) | 22.8% (267/1,170) | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) |
| College and higher | 0.5% (6/1,204) | 0.6% (7/1,170) | 1.20 (0.40–3.56) |
| Main occupation | |||
| Housewife | 3.2% (38/1,201) | 4.4% (52/1,169) | 1.40 (0.93–2.12) |
| Farmer | 87.1% (1,046/1,201) | 80.6% (942/1,169) | 0.93 (0.89–0.96) |
| Business/self-employed | 4.9% (59/1,201) | 10.2% (119/1,169) | 2.07 (1.53–2.80) |
| Civil servant | 0.6% (7/1,201) | 0.3% (4/1,169) | 0.59 (0.17–2.00) |
| Unemployed | 1.9% (23/1,201) | 1.6% (19/1,169) | 0.85 (0.46–1.55) |
| Others* | 2.3% (28/1,201) | 2.8% (33/1,169) | 1.21 (0.74–1.99) |
| Marital status | |||
| Single/not married | 9.1% (109/1,203) | 7.8% (91/1,169) | 0.86 (0.66–1.12) |
| Married | 82.0% (986/1,203) | 81.7% (955/1,169 | 0.99 (0.96–1.04) |
| Separated/divorced | 6.4% (77/1,203) | 6.7% (78/1,169) | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) |
| Widowed | 2.6% (31/1,203) | 3.8% (45/1,169) | 1.49 (0.95–2.34) |
| Ethnic group/tribe affiliation | |||
| Bemba | 27.1% (323/1,192) | 25.9% (302/1,167) | 0.96 (0.83–1.09) |
| Tonga | 17.4% (208/1,192) | 16.7% (195/1,167) | 0.96 (0.80–1.14) |
| Tumbuka | 6.8% (81/1,192) | 6.8% (79/1,167) | 0.99 (0.74–1.34) |
| Lozi | 4.2% (50/1,192) | 6.0% (70/1,167) | 1.43 (1.00–2.04) |
| Others | 44.5% (530/1,192) | 44.6% (521/1,167) | 1.00 (0.92–1.10) |
| Head of household | |||
| Respondent | 11.3% (136/1,203) | 13.4% (156/1,168) | 1.18 (0.95–1.47) |
| Husband/partner | 81.1% (976/1,203) | 77.3% (903/1,168) | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) |
| Female relative | 3.7% (45/1,203) | 5.0% (58/1,168) | 1.32 (0.90–1.94) |
| Male relative | 3.8% (46/1,203) | 4.4% (51/1,168) | 1.14 (0.77–1.69) |
| Household size (persons) | |||
| < 4 | 17.8% (214/1,204) | 14.1% (165/1,168) | 0.79 (0.66–0.96) |
| 4–6 | 47.3% (569/1,204) | 48.8% (570/1,168) | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) |
| > 6 | 35.0% (421/1,204) | 37.1% (433/1,168) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) |
| Water sources | |||
| Improved (protected) water source | 34.7% (418/1,204) | 51.9% (607/1,170) | 1.50 (1.36–1.65) |
| Water treatment | |||
| Use adequate water treatment method | 32.3% (389/1,204) | 24.6% (288/1,170) | 0.76 (0.67–0.87) |
Prevalence ratios presented in bold are all significant at P < 0.05.
* Prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated as the ratio of end line to baseline.