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. 2019 Apr 3;9:5579. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42013-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Historic record of coral skeletal δ¹⁵N. Coral skeletal δ¹⁵N values plotted through time. Major milestones in the LWRF operation are also noted. Cores LobataHead04 and LobataHead06 both show a sharp increase in δ¹⁵N between 1995 and 1996 in response to the implementation of biological nutrient removal at the LWRF, while core LobataHead07 does not show any response to LWRF activities.