Table 2.
Therapeutic ions useful for soft tissue healing applications.
| Therapeutic ions | Application in wound healing | References |
|---|---|---|
| Silver (Ag+) | Inhibition of bacterial growth and thereby prevention of infection | Lin et al., 2016a |
| Zinc (Zn2+) | Improving epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and migration | Deters et al., 2003; Lansdown et al., 2007 |
| Showing antioxidant effects | Rostan et al., 2002 | |
| Inhibition of bacterial growth and thereby prevention of infection | Sirelkhatim et al., 2015 | |
| Copper (Cu2+) | Regulation of the activity of proteins involved in wound healing such as VEGF (enhancing angiogenesis) and maturation of collagen and elastin | Sen et al., 2002; Kornblatt et al., 2016 |
| Inhibition of bacterial growth and thereby prevention of infection | Abou Neel et al., 2005 | |
| Cerium (Ce3+) | Improving the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and VECs | Chigurupati et al., 2013; Ramenzoni et al., 2017 |
| Showing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects | Davan et al., 2012; Kargozar et al., 2018c | |
| Inhibition of bacterial growth and thereby prevention of infection | Kaygusuz et al., 2017c | |
| Gallium (Ga3+) | Anti-inflammatory effects | Whitacre et al., 1992; Orosz et al., 1996 |
| Inhibition of bacterial growth and thereby prevention of infection | Thompson et al., 2015 | |
| Calcium (Ca2+) | Improving hemostasis | Lansdown, 2002 |
| Modulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation | Lansdown, 2002 | |
| Improving fibroblast proliferation | Kawai et al., 2011 | |
| Improving type I collagen synthesis and the increasing ratio of collagen I/III | Wang et al., 2015 | |
| Boron [(BO3)3−] | Acceleration of wound healing via activation of angiogenesis (overexpression of VEGF and TGF-β) | Balasubramanian et al., 2017 |
| Enhancing the proliferation, migration, and production of vital growth factors of dermal cells | Demirci et al., 2016 |