Table 4.

Selected responses to infectious disease threats.

Responses

• Health systems strengthening • Improved (sustainable) urban infrastructure • Improved public health infrastructure, including clean water and sanitation • Increased routine immunization • Mass vaccination following detection of outbreak-prone diseases (e.g., yellow fever) • Surveillance of infectious disease in human and animal populations, including rates of resistance    ° Building local (laboratory and epidemiological) capacity to diagnose and report cases of infectious disease    ° Leveraging opportunities for informal surveillance (e.g., Google Flu Trends (no longer operating publicly), ProMED) • Surveillance of possible terrorist organizations and activities • Monitoring of biocontainment procedures and capabilities in microbiology laboratories • Regular monitoring of preparedness for outbreaks and biosecurity incidents at national and supranational levels (e.g., Joint External Evaluations) • Regulation of access to antimicrobials for both humans and livestock • Investment in R&D of biomedical countermeasures    ° Vaccines    ° Antimicrobials    ° Diagnostics    ° Monoclonal antibodies and other novel treatments    ° Platform technologies • Supply chain strengthening and improved systems for rapid distribution of countermeasures in the event of an emergency • Coordination of efforts